TERMS

Question 1

patients at risk who have not had a CV event

Answer 1

Primary prevention

Question 2

patients who have had a prior ASCVD events (MI, stroke, revascularization, etc.)

Answer 2

Secondary prevention

Question 3

an essential structural component of membranes and a precursor to steroids (e.g.
corticosteroids, sex hormones, bile acids, vitamin D)

Answer 3

Cholesterol

Question 4

• HDL (high density)
• LDL (low density)
• IDL (intermediate density)
• VLDL (very low density)
• Chylomicrons

these are examples of?

Answer 4

Lipoproteins

Question 5

Responsible for structure, function, assembly, metabolism

Answer 5

Apolipoproteins

Question 6

• Synthesized in liver from dietary fat
• Transports lipids to adipose tissue, muscles, cardiac, etc
• Once the TG content is used up, it becomes a
chylomicron remnant

Answer 6

Chylomicrons

Question 7

• Lipolysis of adipose triglycerides releases FAs which are
esterified in liver to form TG
• TG is packaged up with APO-B100, cholesterol esters,
and vitamin E to form VLDL
• Primary carrier of TG in circulation

Answer 7

VLDL

Question 8

VLDL in circulation gets transformed into this via lipoprotein lipase

supplies cholesterol to many tissues

invades the endothelium, becomes oxidized and this is phagocytosed by macrophages leading to
formation of foam cells

Foam cells secrete
proinflammatory cytokines and factors that lead to
atherosclerosis

Answer 8

LDL

Question 9

• Responsible for retrieval of cholesterol from the artery wall and tissues and transport to liver
• Increased levels are associated with reduced risk of ASCVD

Answer 9

HDL

Question 10

risk assessment evaluates a 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease incident

defined as nonfatal myocardial
infarction or coronary heart disease (CHD) death, or fatal or nonfatal stroke, over a 10-year period

Answer 10

ASCVD

Question 11

• Single or multiple gene mutations that result in either overproduction of defective clearance of TG and LDL, or in underproduction or excessive clearance of HDL.
• Examples: familial hypercholesterolemia (homozygous/heterozygous), PCSK9 gain of function mutations, LPL deficiency

Answer 11

Primary etiology

Question 12

• Often caused by sedentary lifestyle with excessive dietary intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats
• Diabetes
• Alcohol overuse
• Chronic kidney disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Drugs

Answer 12

Secondary etiology

Question 13

major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, ischemic CV disease, peripheral vascular disease)

Answer 13

dyslipidemia

Question 14

group of conditions that are associated with increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

requires aggressive lifestyle modification focused on weight reduction and increased physical activity

reduction of risk factors for CVD include treatment of:
HTN
smoking
glucose
weight
cholesterol

Answer 14

metabolic syndrome

Question 15

this is the assessment that evaluates a 10 year atherosclerotic CV disease incident

what is high risk?

Answer 15

ASCVD

greater than or equal to 20%

Question 16

smoking cessation
wt management 
physical activity
healthy diet
glucose and bp mngt

Answer 16

lifestyle mods

Question 17

these are first line for primary and secondary prevention because of potency and cost effectiveness

Answer 17

statins