1
Q
A
- Latin name: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
- English name: Dalmatian chrysanthemum
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Flower
- Active constituents: Pyrethrin
- Effect
* Insect repellent plant
* Cats very sensitive for any pyrethrin derivatives
* Against plant louse - Utilization:
* External → mix w/ vaseline as ointment
2
Q
Bitters
A
- Traditional active agent group (bitter = amara)
- Different secondary metabolites
- Terpenes/terpene derivates mostly with lactone ring
* Monoterpenen derivatives (e.g. secoiridoids)
* Sesquiterpenen lactons (e.g. artemisinin/perthenolid)
* Diterpens (e.g. ginkgolids) - General: excite taste receptors, stimulate secretion of aliva gastric acid + chole → improve digestion
Practical ingest, ~ 30 min before meal
3
Q
Bitterness value
A
- Determine degree of bitterness
- Determined by comparing threshold bitter concentration of an extract material w/ that of quinie hydrochlorided
- Bitterness value expressed as unit’s equivalent to bitterness of solution containing 1 mg of quinine hydrochloride in 2000 mL (water?)
- Determination: A taste panel comprised of at least 6 persons is recommended
4
Q
Types of drugs containing bitters
A
- Amara pura (e.g. Gentian, Centaury) → only bitters
- Amara mucilaginosa (e.g. Iceland moss) → + mucous bitters
- Amara aromatica (e.g. Bitter orange, wormwood) → + aromatic bitters
- Amara adstringentia (e.g. quina bark) → + adstringent bitters
5
Q
A
- Latin name: Gentiana lutea
- English name: Great yellow gentian
- Family name: Gentianaceae
- Drug: Dried rizhome and root
- Active constituents:
* Secoiridoid bitters
→ Gentiopicroside (bitterness value: 12.000)
→Amarogentin (bitterness value: 58.000.000) - Effects:
* Appetizer, improve digestion
* Improve intestinal movements - Utilization:
* Bits, infusion, decoction
6
Q
A
- Latin name: Centaurium erythraea
- English name: Centaury
- Family name: Gentianaceae
- Drug: Flowering shoot parts
- Active constituents:
* Secoiridoid bitters (swertiamarin) - Effects:
* Increase secretion of gastric juice and bile
* Antiphlogistic
* Antipyretic - Usage:
* Digestive disorders
* External (wound healing)
7
Q
A
- Latin name: Artemisia absinthium
- English name: Wormwood
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Flowering apex of shoot
- Active constituents:
* Volatile oil –> Thujone + bisabolol
* Absinthin (turn into bitter substances) - Effect:
* Appetizing effect - Contraindication!!
* Not to use for stomach ulcers during pregnancy and lactation - Administration:
* Use in highly diluted solutions only (tea)
* Only for a short period of time (because of thujone content)
8
Q
A
- Latin name: Arnica montana
- English name: Arnica
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Dried flower heads
- Active cohnstituents:
* Sesquiterpene lactones (helenalin) - Effects: Anti-inflammatory
- Usage:
* Only external! Smaller in juries, alowly healing wounds
* Infusion / diluted tincture - Side effects:
* Allergic skin reaction after long term use
* ICO internal use –> leads to cardiac action disorders
9
Q
A
- Latin name: Cnicus benedictus
- English name: St. Benedict’s thistle
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Above ground parts
- Active constituents:
* Sesquiterpen (dihydroxdylactone - cnicin)
* Volatile oil - Effects:
* Increase secretion of saliva gastric acid
* Decrease oedema
* Antimicrobial effect - Usage:
* Inappetence
* Digestive orders
10
Q
A
- Latin name: Cynara scolymus
- English name: Artichoke
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Leaf
- Active constituents:
* Sesquiterpenlactons (cynaropikrin) - Effect:
* Stimulate secretion of chole
* Decrease fat content of blood - Usage:
* Lipid metabolism disorders
* Digestive disorders
11
Q
A
- Latin name: Taraxacum officinale
- English name: Dandelion
- Family name: Asteraceae
- Drug: Whole plant
- Active costituents:
* Sesquiterpene lactons (taraxinacid)
* Inulin (fructose, in roots)
* Flavonoids - Effect:
* Increase gall production
* Diuretic effect –> Increase Na+ -ion excretion
* Vet med: enhance lactation + digestion
12
Q
Diterpenes
A
- C20 compounds
- More than 2.000 different molecule structures
- Regulate plant growth –> gibberellin
- Many of them are toxic –> pseudoalkaloids
- Medicinal agents: Marrubiin, sclareol
13
Q
A
- Latin name: Marrubium vulgare
- English name: White horehound
- Family name: Lamiaceae
- Drug: Whole/fragmented dried flowering aerial plants
- Active constituents:
* Diterpene bitters (marrubiin)
* Volatile oils - Utilization:
* Improve digestion
* Moderate analgesic + antiphlogistic effect
14
Q
Triterpenes
A
- C30 compounds
- Phytosterols (common in Fabaceae fam.)
- Steroid-glycoalkaloids (pseudoalkaloids)
- Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides + bufadienolides)
- Saponins (ginsenosids, hederasaponins)
15
Q
A
- Latin name: Digitalis purpurea
- English name: Purple foxglove
- Family name: Plantaginaceae
- Drug: Leaf
- Active constituents:
* Cardenolids (steroid-glycosides) - Utilization:
* Industrial medicinal plants (only as verified products / pure active agents)
16
Q
A
- Latin name: Digitalis lanata
- English name: Woolly foxglove
- Family name: Plantaginaceae
- Drug: Leaf
- Active constituents:
* Cardenolids (steroid-glycosides) - Utilization:
* Industrial medicinal plants (only as verified products / pure active agents)
17
Q
Saponins
A
- amphipathic glycosides that produce emulsifying effect
- produce foam in stomach/rumen
- can enter lipid bilayer & disintegrate cell membranes
- cause hemolysis of RBCs
- low conversion rate of saponins in intestines
- irritation of mucous membranes
- most are bitters
- chemical structure:
- steroid-saponins
- triterpene-saponins
18
Q
A
Latin Name: Primula veris
English Name: Cowslip
Drug: Dried rhizome and roots
Active Constituents:
- Triterpene-saponins
- primulasaponins
Effect:
- Secretolytic
- Cough medicine
Utilisation:
- For respiratory diseases
19
Q
A
Latin Name: Trigonella foenum-graecum
English Name: Fenugreek
Drug: Seeds
Active Constituents:
- Slimy compounds
- Steroid-saponins:
- diosgenin
- jamogenin
- Alkaloids:
- trigonelline
Effect:
- decrease cholesterol absorption & synthesis
- blood glucose lowering effect
Utilisation:
- Inappetence
- Stimulate lactation
- Prevention in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin
20
Q
A
Latin Name: Panax ginseng
English Name: Ginseng
Drug: Dried root
Active Constituents:
- ginsenosides: steroid glycosides and specific triterpene saponins (0.8-6.0%):
- panaxadiol
- panaxatriol
- polysaccharides
- polyacetylenes (panaxynol)
Effect:
- decreases fatigue and weakness
- increases production and resistance
- it has antioxidants, antiproliferative and antiviral effects
21
Q
Cardiac Glycosides
A
- Na+/K+ pumps in cell membranes are inhibited
- faster and more powerful heart contractions
- decreased heart rate → better circulation in whole system
- very narrow therapeutic range – easy to overdose
