test 2

Question 1

when do zygospores develop a thick walled zygosporangium

Answer 1

reproduction

Question 2

sporangial

Answer 2

fewer then 1-30 spores usally look wed like

Question 3

opposed suspenders

Answer 3

oppisite side meet

Question 4

apposed suspendors

Answer 4

press aginst eachother

Question 5

Appendages

Answer 5

can grow around to protect zygosporansium

Question 6

zygosporangia

Answer 6

can be translucent or opaque can be oranentation

Question 7

phylum mucoromycota

Answer 7

order mucorales

Question 8

mucorales

Answer 8

many are saprobes food spoilers some are parasites and pathogens

Question 9

Rhizopus

Answer 9

black bread mold

Question 10

Naked Asci-

Answer 10

are exposed without a covering

Question 11

Gymnothecium

Answer 11

partially covered asci

Question 12

Cleistothecium

Answer 12

completely enclosed asci with no opening

Question 13

Apothecium

Answer 13

an open cup with a layer of asci forming the hymenium

Question 14

Perithecium

Answer 14

looks like a vase; has asci at base with a pore (ostiole) for ascospore

Question 15

Pseudothecium

Answer 15

locules in an ascostroma

Question 16

Phylum Ascomycota

Answer 16

Bread, beer, wine, many antibiotics (including Penicillin), a number of diseases of people (yeast infections, athlete’s foot, etc.)

Question 17

Ascomycota Characteristics

Answer 17

Originally defined by the production of ascospores in an ascus
When filamentous, the hyphae are septate with simple pores- sometimes pseudohyphae form

Question 18

Ascomycota sexual carcteristics

Answer 18

Some have dimorphic life cycles- sexual & asexual
Some have ascocarps- a container of asci
Many produce conidia- asexual spores
Most produce 8 ascospores in an ascus, but the number can differ- 1-1000s
May form dikaryotic hyphae during sexual reproduction

Question 19

Somatic Features of Ascomycota

Answer 19

TEM of hyphal walls shows two layers with a thick translucent inner layer and a dense thin outer layer
Woronin bodies are associated with the septal pores in many species- they close the pore when the hypha is damaged

Question 20

yeast phase in Ascomycota

Answer 20

Yeast phase often reproduces by budding

Question 21

Ascus Development

Answer 21

Nuclei from an antheridium enter the ascogonium through a trichogyne
Nuclei pair up in the ascogonium
An ascogenous hypha grows a crozier
The crozier hooks around and 2 nuclei divide; penultimate cell forms

Question 22

ascus divistion

Answer 22

2 nuclei fuse in karyogamy forming ascus initial, then meiosis occurs forming 4 haploid nuclei
The four haploid nuclei divide once by mitosis to form 8 nuclei
Each nucleus forms an outer covering and becomes an ascospore
Each pair of ascospores that came from mitosis are identical twins

Question 23

rhizopus life cycle

Answer 23

A haploid spore lands on food (substrate) and starts forming hyphae
The hyphae spread through the food
Some of the hyphae (stolons) start sending up sporangia on sporangiophores which are anchored in the substrate by rhizoids
The sporangia produce spores by mitosis which are released into the air when mature

Question 24

rhizopus sexual life cycle

Answer 24

a + and - hyphae start growing extensions callsed gaetangia
pair up like squre dancing and go through karaogamy.
The zygosporangium becomes thick and pigmented & is a resting sporangium
When conditions are right, meiosis occurs and a sporangium with a sporangiophore is formed
The sporangium releases spores into the air

Question 25

gametangia

Answer 25

hyphe that act as gametes

Question 26

rhizopus stolonifer

Answer 26

sprorangium with columella spores and sporagiophore also have rhizoids

Question 27

rhizopus spenders

Answer 27

zygosporangia have opposed suspenders. with translucent and ornamented

Question 28

mucor zygosporangium

Answer 28

translusent and ornamented spenders opposed

Question 29

mucor sporangia

Answer 29

small columella nonaposphyate pear shaped

Question 30

zygorhynchus zygosporangium

Answer 30

opaque and ornamented supenders one is small one is large The sporangium is columellate and has a wide extension into the sporangium

Question 31

family pilobolaceae

Answer 31

found on hurbivore poop speclized sporangium, that can detct light and fire them off

Question 32

pilobolus

Answer 32

aim towards light and work like a magnifiging glass to heat up and shot sporangium 6 feet in air and stick to anything

Question 33

phycomyces blakesleeanus

Answer 33

Zygosporangium is opaque and has apposed suspensors with dichotomously forked appendages- the appendages help keep them from being eaten Collumellate sporangia

Question 34

ascomyycota

Answer 34

Subphylum Taphrionomycotina ►Class Taphrinomycetes ►Order Taphrinales ►Family Taphrinaceae ►Taphrina deformans

Question 35

Taphrina deformans

Answer 35

Peach Leaf Curl Disease dimorphic life cycle, which means that it has a yeast phase and a mycelial phase hymenium is a layer of reproductive structures such as asci (hymenial layer)

Question 36

Life Cycle of Taphrina deformans

Answer 36

1. Yeast cells or ascospores land on leaf in summer and start dividing in yeast form 2. remain on the leaf or fruit all winter 3. yeast cells form hyphae and attack the leaf causing the leaf to deform 4. a hymenial layer forms 5. asucs mother cell, ascospores shot off

Question 37

Taphrina deformans ascus mother cell

Answer 37

form and the nucleus undergoes meiosis, then mitosis to form 8 ascospores ► The ascospores are shot into the air where they can attach to new leaves

Question 38

Family Thamnidiaceae

Answer 38

Have a terminal sporangium and also clusters of sporangiola Often found on dung Used in meat industry to tenderize meat in cold storage- it produces an enzyme that breaks down protein

Question 39

Thamnidium elegans

Answer 39

has sporangiola and sporangium

Question 40

Family Cunninghamellaceae

Answer 40

Produce terminal clusters of single spored sporangiola Some species can cause zygomycosis in immunocompromised people

Question 41

Phylum GlomeromycotaOrder Glomales

Answer 41

AM or VAM Fungi Symbiotic with about 70% of plant families

Question 43

glomales relastionship with trees

Answer 43

some haustoria develop vesicles to store food Increase surface area for root systems get minirals like phosphorus to the roots

Question 44

pelotons

Answer 44

Arbuscules are gradually digeted by the plant Digested arbuscules

Question 45

glomeromycota spores

Answer 45

havea tough outer coat

Question 46

Glomeromycota- arbuscules

Answer 46

The arbuscules do not penetrate the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane wraps itself around the arbuscule which increases surface area.

Question 47

importants of Clomermycota in grass land and tropic forest

Answer 47

They transfer phosphorus and other nutrients to the plants Also important in soil formation

Question 48

glycoprotein glomalin

Answer 48

binds organic compounds to the mineral components

Question 49

Phylum EntomophthoromycotaOrder Entomophthorales Entomophthoraceae

Answer 49

the insect detroyer Some develop explosive conidia A number of species are being studied as possible biological insect control agents

Question 50

Entomophthora muscae

Answer 50

takes over flys and eats it insides till it gets the fly to land on aleaf with its butt up and shots out condidia

Question 51

Life Cycle of Entomophthora muscae

Answer 51

1. conidiospore attaches to a fly 2. The hypha of the conidiospore penetrates the exoskeleton and start to digest it 3.fly to a bright spot dies with butt up 4. Conidia extend out of the exoskeleton 5. Conidiospores are shot off in all directions infect all near

Question 52

Phylum ZoopagomycotaOrder Zoopagales

Answer 52

Group of fungi which interact with small animals and with other fungi

Question 53

Zoophagus insidians

Answer 53

creates like fishing line with adhisive pegs that catch rotifers Specialized hyphae which act as haustoria will digest the rotifer