test one

Question 1

Heterotrophic

Answer 1

cannot make their own food. absorptive or extracellular digestion

Question 2

Cell walls

Answer 2

with Beta linked glucans and chitin

Question 3

Haplontic Life Cycle:

Answer 3

the adult is haploid and only the zygote is diploid

Question 3

A hypha

Answer 3

is a tubular filament that is usually transparent Forming a Mycelium

Question 4

Diplontic Life Cycle

Answer 4

The organism is diploid and only the gametes are haploid Gametes are
produced by
meiosis The zygote divides by
mitosis to form the
adult

Question 5

Zoospores

Answer 5

The arrangement of organelles is different
in the zoospores of each group
►Mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, lipid
globules and the kinetosome are important
in comparing the zoospores

Question 6

Mitosis in Fungi

Answer 6

One nucleus becomes two new identical nuclei and may become two new cells, but in many fungi the nuclei are not separated.
The nucleus may be haploid (n), diploid (2n) or any number of sets of chromosomes.
Mitosis often produces gametes in Fungi (this is very different from animals)

Question 6

Gametes

Answer 6

The fusion of gametes has two parts: plasmogamy followed by karyogamy
Plasmogamy means fusion of the plasma membranes
Karyogamy means fusion of the nuclei

Question 7

Phylum Rozellomycota
Rozella allomycis

Answer 7

Rozellomycota are mostly known from DNA
probes only. Rozella is one of the few
described genera.

Question 8

Life Cycle of
Rozella allomycis

Answer 8

Zoospores attach to
Allomyces
► A thallus develops in the sporangium of
Allomyces
► Zoospores are formed and eventually burst out of
the host
► In bad conditions, the thallus develops into a
resting sporangium
► The resting sporangium will release zoospores
when conditions improve
► There is no known sexual reproduction

Question 8

Chytridiomycota

Answer 8

Have motile cells: zoospores and gametes have a whiplash
flagellum (a few have more than one flagellum)
► Coenocytic (many nuclei) thallus (simple body) either
globose or ovoid with simple hyphae or mycelium
► Zygote becomes resting spore or in one group it becomes
a diploid sporothallus
► Cell walls have chitin and glucans
► Most are saprobes but some are parasites of plants,
animals and fungi
► Found in water, soil, rumens of herbivores and in their
hosts when parasitic

Question 9

Phylum Olpidiomycota
Olpidium brassicae

Answer 9

Phylum Olpidiomycota
Olpidium brassicae
►Zoospores swim around in water around
cabbage roots, then settle on root hairs and
epidermis
►They withdraw their flagellum and encyst
►The cyst penetrates and injects its contents
►The thallus forms and becomes
multinucleate; zoospores form and leave
through discharge tubes (exit tubes)
►Resting spores may also form

Question 10

Olpidium & Virus Transmission

Answer 10

Virons attach to the flagellum
►When the flagellum is withdrawn into the
zoospore, the virons are brought in
►When the zoospore injects its contents into
the host, the virus is also injected
►The virus causes more harm than the
Olpidium

Question 11

Eucarpic-

Answer 11

only part of the thallus becomes a
reproductive structure

Question 11

Holocarpic

Answer 11

entire thallus becomes reproductive
structure

Question 12

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Answer 12

Phylum Chytridiomycota
►Class Chytriomycetes
►Order Rhizophydiales

Question 13

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis info

Answer 13

Causes chytridiomycosis of the skin of
amphibians
►Causing a global decline in amphibians
►Discovered in 1998
►Infects the skin and forms sporangia with
discharge tubes. The zoospores are released
and can reinfect the same animal or infect
other animals

Question 14

Batrachochytrium Life Cycle

Answer 14

Zoospore swims to skin and penetrates to
form sporangium
►The sporangium grows and forms zoospores
and a discharge tube
►A cap comes off of the discharge tube
releasing the zoospores
►Zoospores then infect new hosts or re-infect
the same host
►Host dies in about two weeks

Question 15

Synchytrium endobioticum
►Synchytrium decipiens

Answer 15

Phylum Chytridiomycota
►Class Chytriomycetes
►Order Chytridiales

Question 16

Synchytrium endobioticum

Answer 16

Causes Black Wart of Potato disease
► The thallus is holocarpic. The whole thallus
develops reproductive cells
► The thallus is called a sorus when filled with
reproductive cells (either gametes or zoospores)
► Responds to drying conditions to produce gametes
rather than zoospores
► On the Homeland Security Watch List as a possible
terrorist weapon

Question 16

Life Cycle of
Synchytrium
endobioticum

Answer 16

Zoospores attach to potato epidermal cells
► Zoospores penetrate into cells
► A prosorus forms in the potato
► Host cells start dividing to form warts
► The prosorus becomes a sorus with zoospores
(sporangium)which are released to reinfect more potatoes
► Under bad conditions, the sorus develops gametes
(gametangium) which are released
► Two gametes join to form a zygote which infects a potato
and becomes a resting sporangium
► When conditions are better, the resting sporangium
releases zoospores

Question 17

Order Chytridiales
Synchytrium decipiens

Answer 17

The life cycle is similar to Back Wart of
Potato, however, this chytrid attacks the
leaf
►Causes Leaf Wilt of Hog Peanut
►It is holocarpic. The resting spores are
released when the leaf decays.

Question 18

Chytriomyces hyalinus

Answer 18

Phylum Chytridiomycota
►Class Chytriomycetes
►Order Chytridiales

Question 19

Chytriomyces hyalinus

Answer 19

Saprobe- lives on dead insects- produces chitinase, and other dead plant or animal remains ► Lives in fresh water ► Develops rhizoids to digest food ► Sexual reproduction is done through sexual thalli (thallus) ► Asexual reproduction occurs when the thallus becomes a sporangium ► Eucarpic- only part of the thallus becomes reproductive structure

Question 20

Phylum Blastocladiomycota

Answer 20

The zoospore has a nuclear cap ► The thallus is filamentous- it is rhizoid or hyphae- like ► There are saprobes and parasites ► Some species exhibit alternation of generations ► The rhizoids or hyphae are aseptate with septa only found at reproductive structures or sometimes in older hyphae ► Have sporangia with a distinctive pit

Question 21

Allomyces macrogynus

Answer 21

Phylum Blastocladiomycota Male and female gametangia produce motile male and female gametes ►Develops a gametothallus and a sporothallus- alternation of generations ►The gametes produce pheromones: the male produces parisin and the female sirenin

Question 22

Life Cycle of Allomyces

Answer 22

A gametothallus produces male gametangia & female gametangia which produce motile gametes ►The gametes are attracted to each other by pheromones ►The zygote forms a 2n coenocytic sporothallus ►The sporothallus produces 2 types of sporangium- a mitosporangium & a meiosporangium ►The mitosporangium is colorless & produces 2n spores each of which will produce a new sporothallus ►The meiosporangium is pigmented & thick walled. It is also called the resting sporangium & the resistant sporangium ►The meiosporangium survives bad conditions & produces haploid zoospores by meiosis ►The 1n zoospores will become a gametothallus

Question 23

Phylum Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastix

Answer 23

Obligate anaerobes due to lost mitochondria ►Produce cellulase in rumen of ruminants such as cows, sheep and water buffalo ►Some produce multiflagellate zoospores ►Extensively branched rhizoids are used to penetrate plant material in the rumen ►Have hydrogenosomes which use hydrogen to produce energy and are believed to have evolved from mitochondria, but have lost their DNA

Question 23

Physoderma alfalfae Phylum Blastocladiomycota

Answer 23

Causes Crown Wart Disease of Alfalfa ►Produces hyphae with haustoria (drinking hyphae) ►Causes host cells to divide rapidly which results in a gall (an unnatural proliferation of cells) ►Resting spores will germinate after plant decays

Question 24

Mucoro, Zoopago, Entomophthoro & Glomeromycota

Answer 24

Zygospore develops in a thick walled zygosporangium in sexual reproduction Coenocytic hyphae (most of the time) Asexual reproduction usually by sporangia on sporangiophores, but also by conidia on conidiophores No flagellate cells A few species are dimorphic, i.e. having a mycelial and yeast phase

Question 26

Features of the Sporangium

Answer 26

Sporangia are important for identifying members of Mucoromycota & Zoopagomycota The sporangiophore is the stalk Some species have rhizoids- look like roots The sporangiophore may extend into the sporangium where it is then called a columella The columella may be narrow or wide- apophysate The columella feeds the spores Some sporangia are reduced and called sporangiola

Question 27

: Zygomycota

Answer 27

Phylum Mucoromycota Phylum Zoopagomycota Phylum Entomophthoromycota Phylum Glomeromycota