test 3

Question 1

Ascomycota

Answer 1

Saccharomyceta
Subphylum Saccharomycotina
Class Saccharomycetes
Order Saccharomycetales
The ascomycetous yeasts

Question 2

Order Saccharomycetales

Answer 2

Family Saccharomycetaceae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida albicans

Question 3

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 3

Baker’s yeast or Brewer’s Yeast
First eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced
Easily cultivated

Question 4

Vegemite and Marmite

Answer 4

are made from yeast- lots of nucleic acids which may cause gout

Question 5

Saccharomyces cerevisiae asxual Reproduction

Answer 5

primarily by budding Budding can occur in haploid or diploid phase

Question 6

Saccharomyces cerevisiae First Human Engineered Product

Answer 6

Vaccine against hepatitus B virus
Cellulases, amyloses
Interferon
Epidermal Growth Factor
Beta endorphin

Question 7

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sexual reproduction-

Answer 7

forms an ascus with four ascospores.
There are + and - mating
strains which are usually designated as ‘a’ and ‘ alpha.
Copulation does not involve specific copulation tubes

Question 8

Candida albicans

Answer 8

Commonly found in people and other animals-
candidiasis- yeast infections of male and female genitalia, Thrush in mouth and throat, and diaper rash. Can also become systemic in immunocompromised individuals and may be fatal

Question 9

Pseudohypha of Candida

Answer 9

an intermediate stage between yeast and hyphae

Question 10

Fungal Antibiotics

Answer 10

People and other animals have cholesterol in their plasma membranes, but Candida albicans and other fungi have ergosterol
antifungal drugs that bind to ergosterol in the cell membrane which causes small ions to pass freely and also keeps infective hyphae from developing

Question 11

Griseofulvin

Answer 11

(produced by Penicillium griseofulvum) one of the first antifungal drugs.

Question 12

Flucanozole

Answer 12

inhibits ergosterol synthesis

Question 13

Terbinafine

Answer 13

acts against another enzyme in ergosterol synthesis

Question 14

5-fluorocytosine

Answer 14

inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Question 15

Caspofungin (an enchinocandin)

Answer 15

inhibits Beta (1,3)-glucan synthesis (which is part of the cell wall)

Question 16

Killer Yeasts

Answer 16

Saccharomyces and Candida produce toxins.
toxins are produced by a double stranded RNA virus
Release of the toxin leaves a portion attached to the host membrane giving immunity
aggressive symbiont

Question 17

Subphylum Pezizomycotina

Answer 17

Class EurotiomycetesOrder OnygenalesOrder Eurotiales

Question 18

International Botanical Congress, July 2012

Answer 18

Ended the Melbourne dual nomenclature
One fungus, one name

Question 19

Order Onygenales

Answer 19

Keratin degraders anamorph is the infective stage

Question 20

Teleomorph

Answer 20

is a sexually reproductive form

Question 21

Anamorph

Answer 21

is an asexually reproductive form

Question 22

Holomorph

Answer 22

refers to all forms of a specific fungus

Question 23

Order OnygenalesFamily Ajellomycetaceae

Answer 23

Ajellomyces dermatitidis is the teleomorph
Blastomyces dermatitidis is the anamorph
North American Blastomycosis

Question 24

North American Blastomycosis

Answer 24

The anamorph causes North American Blastomycosis
It infects skin but can spread through the body and cause death

Question 25

Family AjellomycetaceaeHistoplasmosis

Answer 25

Teleomorph- Ajellomyces capsulatus Anamorph- Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 26

Histoplasmosis

Answer 26

Causes Histoplasmosis which enters lungs and can spread through body and can be fatal Associated with bat and bird feces including chickens

Question 27

Ajellomyces capsulatus

Answer 27

Gymnothecium with coiled appendages in the sexual phase Tuberculate macroconidia and microconidia are formed in asexual phase

Question 28

Order OnygenalesFamily Onygenaceae

Answer 28

Coccidioides immitis causes Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever

Question 29

Coccidioides immitis

Answer 29

Valley Fever Sonoran Desert of Arizona, San Joaquin Valley in California an infection of the lungs which goes away except in immunocompromised individuals in which it spreads and can be fatal Produces spherules with endospores which can travel through the body Also produces arthrospores

Question 30

Arthrospores

Answer 30

are an asexual type of spore that forms when hyphae break up into individual cells

Question 31

Spherules

Answer 31

are structures that form endospores which are an asexual type of resting spore

Question 32

Endospores

Answer 32

go through bloodstream and start new spherules

Question 33

Chrysosporium sp.

Answer 33

eastern massasauga rattle snakes are being killed by a species of Chrysosporium in the US pet trade

Question 34

Order OnygenalesFamily Arthrodermataceae

Answer 34

Arthroderma is the teleomorph Microsporum and Trichophyton are anamorphs

Question 35

Arthroderma, Microsporum and Trichophyton

Answer 35

tinea and ringworm diseases Keratin degraders

Question 36

Tinea- The Ringworm Diseases

Answer 36

Tinea capitis- of the head Tinea unguium- of the nails Tinea corporis- of the body Tinea barbae- of the beard or face Tinea cruris- also called Jock Itch Tinea pedis- also called Athlete’s Foot

Question 37

Order Eurotiales

Answer 37

Aspergillus & Penicillium

Question 38

Aspergillus

Answer 38

The conidiophore forms a vesicle from which the chains of conidia form

Question 39

Penicillium

Answer 39

There is no vesicle formed & the chains of spores are produced directly or in several branches

Question 40

Penicillium chrysogenum

Answer 40

source of antibacterial antibiotic penicillin

Question 41

Penicillium griseofulvum-

Answer 41

source of antifungal antibiotic drug griseofulvin (Grisovin)- used for people and animals When a fungus digests the drug, it binds to the microtubules and stops mitosis

Question 42

Penicillium camemberti

Answer 42

camembert cheese

Question 43

Aspergillus & PenicilliumToxins

Answer 43

Aflatoxin B- is highly carcinogenic and occurs in contaminated food Ochratoxin A- is also found in contaminated food and causes kidney problems and possibly cancer Patulin- found in rotting apples and a possible carcinogen

Question 43

Penicillium roqueforti

Answer 43

Roquefort and blue cheese

Question 44

Turkey X Disease

Answer 44

turkeys died from aflatoxin B 75 dogs died from contaminated dogfood-

Question 45

Order Sordariales Family Sordariaceae

Answer 45

Neurospora crassa Sordaria fimicola-

Question 46

Neurospora crassa

Answer 46

provided Beadle and Tatum with a Nobel Prize in 1958 for their one gene one enzyme (polypeptide) research

Question 47

Sordaria fimicola perithecia

Answer 47

The neck is phototropic. Ascospores are discharged toward the light

Question 48

Sordaria fimicola

Answer 48

is a dung fungus which produces a perithecium with a phototrophic neck. Fires off ascospores toward the light Hybrid perithecium 8 ascospores

Question 49

Neurospora crassa

Answer 49

perithecium with asci 8 ascospores in ascus- half will have “A” and half will have “a” Heterothallic multinucleate macroconidia and uninucleate microconidia Develop a protoperithecium Incompletely septate hyphae

Question 50

Neurospora tetrasperma

Answer 50

4 ascospores in an ascus Can self-fertilize and out- cross

Question 51

Order Xylariales Family Xylariaceae

Answer 51

Xylaria polymorpha Xylaria sp. Daldinia concentrica

Question 52

Xylaria

Answer 52

produce ascostroma which project from the substrate. perithecia form all along the outside of the stroma surface Conidia also form on the outside of the ascostroma combining sexual and asexual reproduction The light gray color of the ascostroma is due to conidia

Question 53

Xylaria magnoliae

Answer 53

Only grows on old Magnolia fruits which makes it easy to identify

Question 54

Daldinia concentria

Answer 54

Ascocarp grows on a tree Each year a new layer of perithecia and conidia form which gives the ascocarp layers Looks like tree rings Living perithecia are along the outside edge