PIRLS 2001
International reading test that often shows girls ahead
1990 Physicians study
Controlling for specialty, hours, and continuous experience narrows the gender pay gap among doctors.
Ly et al. 2017
Within one profession, better controls for hours and productivity greatly shrink the measured gender pay gap.
Bolotnyy and Emanuel 2018 to 2022
MBTA. Same employer and pay grid, women earned less due to fewer overtime hours, more time off, and different shifts, the gap fades after accounting for these.
Kleven et al. Child Penalty
After first birth, women’s earnings drop compared to men and stay lower for years, size varies by country and norms.
Blau and Kahn 2017
Review that splits the wage gap into explained parts and a residual, shows slower progress since the 2000s and bigger gaps at the top.
Booth and van Ours 2013
Many partnered women in the Netherlands choose part‑time and report high satisfaction, house work stays gendered.
Voyer and Voyer 2014
Meta analysis finds girls and women earn higher grades across subjects and countries.
SMPY Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth
Long study shows extreme early math talent predicts STEM PhDs and patents, interests and values push career choices.
Hsu and Schombert 2010
Intro physics and astronomy show performance fits ability thresholds, very low SAT math rarely pairs with top grades.
Templer and Tomeo 2002
Fields with higher GRE Quant are more male-skewed, fields that use more math tend to have more men, and fields that use less math tend to have more women
