Theme 3a Development and globalisation

Question 1

What is primary sector ?

Answer 1

The sector of the economy that extract raw materials directly from ground or sea

Question 2

What is secondary sector ?

Answer 2

The sector of the economy that process & manufacture products using raw materials provided by primary sector

Question 3

What is tertiary sector ?

Answer 3

The sector of the economy that contains industries providing services

Question 4

What is quaternary sector ?

Answer 4

Consists of those industries providing information services, e.g consultancy and Research & Development

Question 5

Describe & explain how the proportions employed in each sector vary according to the level of development (pre-industrial)

Answer 5

• The vast majority are in primary sector due to limited technologies => agriculture &fishing are still labour-intensive
• Few people employed in secondary sector as raw materials are exported to NICs (newly industrialised country)

Question 6

List the first 6 indicators of development and compare them in MEDCs and LEDCs

Answer 6

1. HDI: MEDCs (High) LEDCs (low)
2. GDP per capita: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)
3. Death rate: MEDCs (low) LEDCs (high)
4. Infant mortality rate: MEDCs (low) LEDCs (high)
5. Birth rate: MEDCs (low) LEDCs (high)
6. Life expectancy: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)

Question 7

List the next 7 indicators of development and compare them in MEDCs and LEDCs

Answer 7

7. Population growth rate: MEDCs (low) LEDCs (high)
8. Adult literacy: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)
9. Doctors per 1000: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)
10. Urban population: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)
11. Agricultural employment: MEDCs (low) LEDCs (high)
12. Assess to electricity: MEDCs (high)
    LEDCs (low)
13. Internet use: MEDCs (high) LEDCs (low)

Question 8

What is globalisation ?

Answer 8

Process by which people, cultures, money goods & information can be transferred between countries with few/no barriers

Question 9

What are the factors that give rise to globalisation ?

Answer 9

• Technology
• Increased trade
• Transportation developments
• Transnational corporations
• Development of international organisations (e.g AEAN)

Question 10

Impacts of globalisation (TNCs) on the host countries (national scale)

Answer 10

Advantages:
- Creates lots of jobs in the country
- Pay slightly higher wages than local companies
- Success of 1 global brand can attract other TNCs to set up here
Disadvantages:
- Suspicion over the use of child labour in some factories
- Can undermine national culture
- Huge demand on water resources & the use of fossil fuels

Question 11

Impacts of globalisation (TNCs) on the local scale

Answer 11

+ Lots of job opportunities
+ Can learn new skills from foreign companies & being trained
+ Improved infrastructure
+ Access to foreign products more easily & often at lower prices
- Job insecurity as TNCs can relocate
- Local pollution & waste from factories
- May face poor working conditions & being exploited

Question 12

Impacts of globalisation on a global scale

Answer 12

+ Greater flow of goods, capital & people =>economies more connected
+ Spread of idea, culture & technology => lead to innovation & collaboration
+ Lower prices for consumers due to cheaper production in some country
- Environmental degradation => lead to climate change & pollution
- Uneven benefits, richer countries gain more than poorer ones
- Economies are interconnectedness -=> crisis in 1 country can spread quickly (financial instability)

Question 13

Describe & explain how the proportions employed in each sector vary according to the level of development (Industrial)

Answer 13

• The majority of people are employed in secondary industries due to rapid industrialisation => people left countryside & seek jobs in urban areas
• Increased mechanisation has reduced number of jobs available in the primary sector
• Tertiary sector within these countries is growing

Question 14

Describe & explain how the proportions employed in each sector vary according to the level of development (post-industrial)

Answer 14

• Vast majority of people employed in tertiary sector
  + Due to greater consumer spending => more people are required in retail
  + Improved quality of life => people required more services
• Number of people in secondary sector declines (technology improves)
  => Make processes more efficient & less labour-intensive
• Most natural resources have become scarce => few people in primary sector

Question 15

Factors that lead to development gap and therefore inequality between countries ?

Answer 15

1. Physical geography - landlocked countries/small islands, tropical climate countries & those lack natural resources => disadvantage
2. Economic policies - open economies benefitted from foreign investment & develop faster
3. Demography - nations where birth rate declined most experienced highest rates of development

Question 16

What are the factors that lead to inequalities within a country ?

Answer 16

• High GNI/income/GDP
• Better access to healthcare
• Better access to education
• State is landlocked/coastal
• Civil war/conflict
• Variation in government spending/corruption

Question 17

Explain why human development index (HDI) is the best indicator compared to other indicators ?

Answer 17

• HDI uses a composite index, uses 3 indicators
• HDI incorporates a measure of income/wealth (GNI per capita)
• HDI incorporates a measure of education (mean years of schooling)
• HDI incorporates a measure of healthcare (life expectancy)
• Uses a 0-1 scale
• Enables comparison between countries
• Enables comparison over time

Question 18

How technology contribute to globalisation ?

Answer 18

• Telephone makes it easier to speak directly to supplier/buyer
• Computers & internet allow working online
• Internet, TV advertising and online shopping => increase global demand for products
• Instant movement of finance can take place online
• Development of transport technology => faster & cheaper