Tutorial 2 - Tissue Types / Burns

Question 1

What is a tissue membrane?

Answer 1

epithelial tissue + connective tissue

Question 2

What are the four types of membranes?

Answer 2

• cutaneous (skin)
• synovial
• mucous
• serous

Question 3

What is a mucous membrane?

Answer 3

lines passageways/chambers - absorption and secretion

Question 4

What is a serous membrane?

Answer 4

found in the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum - delicate and never connected to the exterior

Question 5

What is a cutaneous membrane?

Answer 5

covers the surface of body - thick, waterproof, stratified squamous epithelium and layer of areolar tissue

Question 6

What is a synovial membrane?

Answer 6

freely movable joint cavities
- different from true epithelia:
a) develops within connective tissue
b) no basement membrane present
c) gaps separating adjacent cells
d) synovial fluid + capillaries in underlying connective tissue exchange

Question 7

What is fasciae?

Answer 7

connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
- not connected to epithelium

Question 8

What are the three subtypes of fasciae?

Answer 8

• superficial: between skin and underlying organs (areolar and adipose tissue)
• deep: fibrous framework, continuous with capsules, ligaments, etc. (dense regular connective tissue)
• subserous: between serous membranes and deep fascia

Question 9

Describe first degree burns

Answer 9

• only the surface of epidermis is damaged
• causes erythema: inflammation of sun-damaged tissues (reddening)
• capable of self repair

Question 10

Describe second degree burns

Answer 10

• damages entire epidermis and some dermis
• most accessory structures are unaffected
• capable of self repair

Question 11

Describe third degree burns

Answer 11

• aka full thickness burn
• epidermis and dermis are damaged
• not capable of self repair
• may reach the subcutaneous membrane (hypodermis)
• accessory structures (nerves) are damaged = loss of sensation!

Question 12

What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a second degree burn but not a first degree burn?

Answer 12

some of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare

Question 13

What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a third degree burn but not a second degree burn?

Answer 13

the entirety of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare

• may reach the subcutaneous membrane

Question 14

What is skin grafting

Answer 14

skin transplant
- split-thickness
- full-thickeness

Question 15

What is split-thickness skin grafting

Answer 15

split-thickness = epidermis + superficial layers of dermis

Question 16

What is full-thickness skin grafting

Answer 16

full-thickness = epidermis + dermis

Question 17

What are the four phases of repair for the integumentary system

Answer 17

1. inflammatory
2. migratory
3. proliferation
4. scarring

Question 18

What is the inflammation phase

Answer 18

mast cell activation (immune cells)
- phagocytic cells rush to the site
- increased blood flow

Question 19

What is the migratory phase

Answer 19

cells of the stratum basale are migrating to replace missing cells
- blood clot or scar temporarily acts as the epidermis and prevents invasions (formed by platelets)
- fibroblasts & mesenchymal cells begin formation of new blood vessels and GRANULATION TISSUE (in connective tissue)

Question 20

What is the proliferation phase

Answer 20

• fibroblasts continue to produce collagen fibres and ground substance (connective tissue - dermis)
• not fully restored but the dermis will have lots of collagen fibres and fewer blood vessels/capillares

Question 21

What is the scarring phase

Answer 21

damaged accessory structures are repaired and replaced

Question 22

How does scar tissue differ from undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin?

Answer 22

compared to undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin, scar tissue has lost some of its normal functions

Question 23

What is a keloid scar?

Answer 23

excess scar tissue formation beyond what is needed for tissue repair gets pushed up
- raised, thickened mass of scar tissue from site of injury growing into dermis
- covered by shiny, smooth epidermal surface

Question 24

What are the 6 types of body cells and their functions?

Answer 24

1. bone cells - support bone (skeletal system)
2. blood cells - carry oxygen (circulatory system)
3. nerve cells - transmit signals (nervous system)
4. muscle cells - move the body (muscular system)
5. skin cells - protects organs (integumentary system)
6. sex cells - enable reproduction (reproductive system)

Question 25

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 25

1. somatic (body) cells ex: neurons, red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, osteocytes (divide by mitosis) 2. gametes (sex cells) ex: sperm cells, egg cells (divide by meiosis)

Question 26

What are the four main tissue types?

Answer 26

1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous

Question 27

What are the 2 types of specialized connective tissue that contain fluid instead of fibers?

Answer 27

blood and lymph

Question 28

What are the three types of epithelium?

Answer 28

1. simple 2. stratified 3. pseudo-stratified 1. cuboidal 2. squamous 3. columnar

Question 29

Describe the structure of epithelium

Answer 29

1. apical side - top surface (in contact with lumen) 2. basolateral side - bottom/side (in contact with interstitial fluid) 3. basement membrane - separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue

Question 30

What are the two subtypes of connective tissue?

Answer 30

loose - less fibres dense - packed with fibres

Question 31

What are the three subtypes of loose connective tissue and some characteristics about them?

Answer 31

- loosely arranged fibres and abundant ground substance - adipose - areolar - reticular

Question 32

What are the six subtypes of dense connective tissues and some characteristics about them?

Answer 32

- tightly arranged fibres - fibrous connective tissue - packed with fibres regular dense tissue: - tendons - ligaments - bone - cartilage fluid matrix, no fibres - blood - lymph

Question 33

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

Answer 33

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosome 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale

Question 34

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 34

1. stratum papillare 2. stratum reticulare

Question 35

What is autografting

Answer 35

using the patient's own undamaged to skin transplant

Question 36

What is allografting

Answer 36

using frozen skin from a cadaver to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks

Question 37

What is xenografting

Answer 37

using animal skin to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks

Question 38

What is the difference between dense regular and irregular connective tissue?

Answer 38

dense regular connective tissue: - extracellular fibres dominate over cells - make up tendons and ligaments - parallel to the long axis of fibres - fibers run parallel to the vertical axis dense irregular connective tissue: - extracellular fibres dominate over cells - mesh with no consistent pattern - covers bones and cartilage - fibres are more chaotic -> some run parallel to the vertical axis and some run perpendicular as well

Question 39

What is transitional epithelium?

Answer 39

- epithelium with multiple layers and marshmellow-looking cells on the top :P