BIOL155 > Tutorial 8 - Spinal Cord & Nerves > Flashcards

Tutorial 8 - Spinal Cord & Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What are the four structural components of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
  4. Axon terminal
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3
Q

What does it mean to be myelinated?

A

Surrounded by fats (faster)

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4
Q

What does it mean to be non-myelinated?

A

No myelin sheaths (slower)

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5
Q

What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
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6
Q

What are the two types of PNS neuroglia?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
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7
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Neuroglia in the CNS that support neurons and connect them to capillaries

  • most abundant in the CNS
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8
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line cavities and ventricles and produce CSF in the CNS

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9
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Create myelin sheaths in the CNS (increases conduction velocity)

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10
Q

What are microglia?

A

Involved in immune system support

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11
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

PNS neuroglia that insulates and produces myelin sheaths (nodes of ranvier = gaps)

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12
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

cells that support neurons, maintain homeostasis, and regulate exchanges

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A
  • formed by bundles of neurons and neuroglia
  • protected by meninges and enclosed in vertebral column
  • transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body
  • controls reflexes
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14
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Nerves that transfer signals between the body and spinal cord

  • connected to the spinal cord via the dorsal and ventral root
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15
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Carries sensory signals (has ganglion)

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16
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Relays motor signals

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17
Q

What is gray matter?

A

The darker, unmyelinated matter of the spinal cord
- integration and reflex processing center
- made of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

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18
Q

What is the posterior horn?

A

Sensory relay neurons conveying touch, temperature, pain, etc.

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19
Q

What is the anterior horn?

A

Somatic motor neuron cell bodies that facilitate skeletal muscle movement

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20
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

Present in thoracic and superior lumbar spinal cord segments and contain autonomic motor cell bodies that innervate visceral organs

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21
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated matter in the spinal cord (can be unmyelinated as well)
- forms columns that pass information up and down the spinal cord
- travels in ascending and descending tracts

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22
Q

What is the ascending column?

A

Sensory signals up to the brain

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23
Q

What is the descending column?

A

Motor signals down spinal cord to periphery

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24
Q

What are sensory signals?

A

Passed into spinal cord through dorsal root of each spinal nerve

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25
What are dorsal root ganglion?
Bundles of cell bodies of spinal nerves
26
What are motor commands?
Passed from spinal cord through ventral root of each spinal nerve and out to the body to trigger an action - action is either skeletal muscle contraction or gland secretion
27
What is a plexus?
Networks of spinal nerves that innervate a specific region
28
What is dermatome?
Region of skin innervated by the sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve
29
What is the one dermatome exception?
C1 All spinal nerves innervate dermatomes except C1 - C1 does not contain any sensory axons - sensory skin info from the skin in racial region is conveyed by cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve)
30
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that do not intersect with spinal cord but connect muscles and organs of the head and body directly to the brain
31
How many cervical nerves are there and their abbreviations?
8 pairs (C01-C08)
32
How many thoracic nerves are there and their abbreviations?
12 pairs (T01-T12)
33
How many lumbar nerves are there and their abbreviations?
5 pairs (L01-L05)
34
How many sacral nerves are there and their abbreviations?
5 pairs (S01-S05)
35
Cervical plexus
Includes phrenic nerve
36
Brachial plexus
Includes trunks, divisions, and cords
37
Lumbosacral plexus
Includes femoral nerve
38
What is the cauda equina?
Continuation of nerve roots in the lumbar/sacral region
39
What is the spinal nerve rami?
Branches of spinal nerves that supply the body
40
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
Olfactory Optic Vestibulocochlear (auditory) Oculomotor Trochlear Abducens (Spinal) accessory Hypoclossal Trigeminal Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus
41
What is the olfactory cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve I = smell sensory signals from special senses
42
What is the optic cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve II = vision sensory signals from special senses
43
What is the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve VIII = hearing/equilibrium sensory signals from special senses
44
What is the oculomotor cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve III = eye movement -> eye muscles transmit motor signals from the brain
45
What is the trochlear cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve IV = eye movement -> superior oblique transmit motor signals from the brain
46
What is the abducens cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve V = eye movement transmit motor signals from the brain
47
What is the accessory cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve XI = impulses to neck/upper back muscles transmit motor signals from the brain
48
What is the hypoglossal cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve XII = tongue movement transmit motor signals from the brain
49
What is the trigeminal cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve V = largest cranial nerves transmit both sensory and motor signals
50
What is the facial cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve VII = sensory/motor impulses to/from face transmit both sensory and motor signals
51
What is the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve IX = sensory/motor impulses to/from neck transmit both sensory and motor signals
52
What is the vagus cranial nerve?
Cranial Nerve X = impulses between medulla oblongata and visceral organs (digestive system) transmit both sensory and motor signals
53
What is the phrenic nerve
Part of the cervical plexus = C03-C05 - innervates the diaphragm
54
What is the ulnar nerve
Part of the brachial plexus = C08-T01
55
What is the median nerve
Part of the brachial plexus = C06-T01
56
What is the radial nerve
Part of the brachial plexus = C05-T01
57
What is the sciatic nerve
Part of the lumbosacral plexus L04-S03 - largest nerve in the body
58
What is the femoral nerve
Part of the lumbosacral plexus L02-L04
59
What is the tibial nerve
Part of the lumbosacral plexus L04-S03
60
What is the fibular nerve
Part of the lumbosacral plexus L04-S02
61
What is the somatic reflex arc
automatic responses to stimuli that don't reach the brain
62
Trace the path of the somatic reflex arc
1. sensory receptor 2. dorsal root 3. spinal cord 4. ventral root 5. motor neuron
63
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve
1. ophthalmic branch 2. maxillary branch 3. mandibular branch
64
What is multiple sclerosis
A demyelinating disease affecting neurons of the CNS - involves inflammation and destruction of myelin sheaths that surround and insulate axons
65
What are the symptoms of early stage multiple sclerosis
Oligodendrocytes may be able to perform remyelination, but as attacks on immune cells and microglia continue, damage becomes irreversible - results in neurodegeneration in the affected area - demyelination/cell death leads to slowing or complete disruption of action potential transmission
66
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis
muscle weakness vision loss fatigue
67
What is nerve rami
Branches of spinal nerves that supply the body - rami of spinal nerves provide sensory and motor innervation to a specific region of the body
68
Trace the pathway of sensory information through the rami
1. sympathetic nerve 2. anterior ramus 3. posterior ramus 4. white ramus communicans 5. posterior root 6. spinal cord
69
Trace the pathway of motor commands through the rami
1. anterior root 2. spinal nerve (posterior and anterior roots unite) 3. posterior ramus 4. anterior ramus 5. white ramus communicans 6. gray ramus communicans
70
What is the posterior ramus?
branches of spinal nerves that contain somatic motor and visceral motor fibers that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles of the back
71
What is the anterior ramus?
branches of spinal nerves that supply the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs (axons)
72
What are white ramus communicans?
short nerve branch carrying visceral motor fibres to nearby sympathetic ganglion (myelinated = light colour)
73
What are gray ramus communicans?
postganglionic fibres that innervate glands and smooth muscles (unmyelinated = dark colour)
74
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
olfactory (I) optic (II) vestibulocochlear (VIII)
75
Which cranial nerves are purely motor?
accessory (XI) hypoglossal (XII) abducens (VI) trochlear (IV) oculomotor (III)
76
Which cranial nerves are mixed (motor/sensory)?
trigeminal (V) facial (VII) glossopharyngeal (IX)
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