WT1 Final

Question 1

What is sex

Answer 1

Sex is what you have

Question 2

Sexuality

Answer 2

Who I am - who you are attracted to

Question 2

What is gender

Answer 2

Who I am - who you identify as

Question 3

What is morphological sex

Answer 3

• external genitalia
• male reproductive = scrotum, penis
• female reproductive = vagina, clitoris

Question 4

What are primary sex characteristics

Answer 4

• include the male and female reproductive systems
• penis, vagina, scrotum, ability to give birth, menstruation (external genitalia)

Question 5

What are secondary sex characteristics

Answer 5

• body hair, facial hair, breast development, voice changes, sexual response

Question 6

What is gonadal sex

Answer 6

The anatomy of gonads and which gametes are produced
- testes = sperm
- ovaries = ova

• all gonads start as bipotential and eventually develop into either the testes or ovaries based on the presence of the SRY gene and TDF (SOX9)

Question 7

What is chromosomal sex

Answer 7

• The XX or XY combination of chromosomes that you have in your non-germline cells
• There is an SRY gene on such chromosomes that drive the development of male characteristics

Question 8

What are the sex hormones

Answer 8

Testicular or ovarian hormones
- testosterone
- estrogen

Question 9

What are the three types of cells in gonads

Answer 9

1. Steroid-secreting cells
2. Germ cells
3. Support/nurse cells

Question 10

Describe the indifferent stage of the male/female gonads and how it differentiates into one or the other

Answer 10

• bipotential gonad
• presence or absence of SRY drives male characteristics development
• TDF or SOX9 drives testes development
• if not present, female development occurs

Question 11

What are the three types of gonadal cells in testes

Answer 11

1. Steroid-secreting cells: Leydig cells
2. Germ cells: Spermatogonia
3. Nurse/support cells: Sertoli cells

Question 12

What are the three types of gonadal cells in ovaries

Answer 12

1. Steroid-secreting cells: thecal cells/follicular cells
2. Germ cells: oogonia
3. Nurse/support cells: granulosa cells

Question 13

Describe the degradation of the ducts in a bipotential gonad

Answer 13

1. Wolffian duct
2. Mullerian duct

• anti-Mullerian hormone in Sertoli cells
• AMH+ means wolffian becomes vas deferens
• AMH- means mullerian becomes oviduct
• other duct will degrade

Question 14

What is the role of FSH and LH during puberty

Answer 14

• gonadal hormone levels rise in both sexes
• FSH initiates gamete production
• LH initiates sex hormone release which starts secondary sex characteristic development & behaviour

Question 15

Where is sperm formed

Answer 15

• formed within seminiferous tubules of the testes
• sperm comes from germ cells (spermatogonia)

Question 16

Describe the order in which you would find the gonadal cells in testes from inside to outside

Answer 16

Inside = spermatogonia
Middle = Sertoli cells
Outside = Leydig cells

Question 17

What is gametogenesis for males

Answer 17

1. mitosis of spermatogonium
2. meiosis I of primary spermatocyte = 2 secondary spermatocytes
3. meiosis II converts secondary spermatocytes into 4 spermatids
4. spermatogenesis (physical maturation) produces 4 sperm cells

Question 18

Trace the path of sperm development

Answer 18

testes > seminiferous tubules > lumen > retes testis > epididymis > vas deferens/ampulla > ejaculatory duct > urethra > penis

Question 19

What are the stages of a sperm cell

Answer 19

spermatogonium/spermatogonia > spermatocyte > spermatid > sperm

Question 20

What are the five structural components of a sperm and their functions

Answer 20

1. Acrosome - contains enzymes that help with breaking through/penetrating the corona radiata of the ova
2. Head - contains the DNA/haploid chromosomes
3. Neck - connects the head to the middle piece
4. Middle piece - contains the mitochondria needed to produce ATP to make the sperm motile
5. Tail - contains flagellum to help with swimming and propulsion

Question 21

Where are sperm stored

Answer 21

in the vas deferens/ampulla

Question 22

What is capacitation and where does it first occur

Answer 22

• process by which sperm becomes motile
• occurs in the ejaculatory duct where sperm mixes with seminal fluid from the seminal glands

Question 23

What are the components of sperm

Answer 23

1. 5-10% sperm from testes
2. 60-65% fluid/fructose from seminal glands
3. 20-30% seminal plasmis from prostate gland (protects urethra)
4. ~1% muscous from bulbourethral glands (protects sperm and lubricates penis)

Question 24

How is penile tissue influenced by the ANS and somatic NS

Answer 24

Autonomic - parasympathetic fibers innervate erectile tissue (relaxation of smooth muscle increases blood pooling and causes erection) - sympathetic fibers innervate the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles (stimulates final maturation stages) Somatic - somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles at the base of the penis to help push semen out of the urethra