no movement - extremely strong joints are located where movement between the bones must be prevented

little movement - permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint - connected by collagen fibers and cartilage

free movement - permits the widest range of movement

- synarthrotic joint located only between bones of the skull - interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue - fibrous joints - occur only in the skull - immovable joint - joint with no movement - serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue - strong and fracture-resistant - all skull joints are sutures except the joint connecting the mandible and the temporal bone, which is a movable synovial joint ex: coronal suture is the suture connecting the parietal and frontal bones in the cranial

- synarthrosis joint - binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible - a periodontal ligament - fibrous articulations between teeth and maxillae or teeth and mandible ex: teeth to bony sockets

- synarthrosis joint - a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones - immovable cartilaginous joint - first pair of ribs and sternum ex: connect the ends of the first pair of ribs and the sternum

- synarthrosis joint - a totally rigid, immovable joint formed when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears ex: frontal suture of the frontal bone and epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostoses

- amphiarthrosis joint - connect bones by a ligament - ligament connecting two bones - distal joint between tibia and fibula (tibiofibular ligament) ex: distal joint between the tibia and fibula

- amphiarthrosis joint - bones separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage - fibrocartilaginous pads between two bones - vertebrae, intervertebral disc, etc. ex: joint between the two pubic bones

- diarthrosis joint - greatest range of motion compared to other joints - typically located at the ends of long bones - 6 types - presence of an articular capsule between two joined bones - bone surfaces at synovial joints are covered in a coating of articular cartilage ex: ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs

Tutorial 4 - Joints & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards by Brianna Tang

Three functional categories of joints

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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Synarthrosis

no movement

extremely strong joints are located where movement between the bones must be prevented

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Amphiarthrosis

little movement

permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint
connected by collagen fibers and cartilage

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Diarthrosis

free movement

permits the widest range of movement

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What are the 4 structural categories/types of synarthrosis joints?

suture
gomphosis
synchondrosis
synostosis

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What are the 2 structural categories/types of amphiarthrosis joints?

syndesmosis
symphysis

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What is the one structural categories/types of diarthrosis joints?

synovial

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Suture

synarthrotic joint located only between bones of the skull
interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue
fibrous joints
occur only in the skull
immovable joint
joint with no movement
serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue
strong and fracture-resistant
all skull joints are sutures except the joint connecting the mandible and the temporal bone, which is a movable synovial joint

ex: coronal suture is the suture connecting the parietal and frontal bones in the cranial

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Gomphosis

synarthrosis joint
binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible
a periodontal ligament
fibrous articulations between teeth and maxillae or teeth and mandible

ex: teeth to bony sockets

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Synchondrosis

synarthrosis joint
a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones
immovable cartilaginous joint
first pair of ribs and sternum

ex: connect the ends of the first pair of ribs and the sternum

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Synostosis

synarthrosis joint
a totally rigid, immovable joint formed when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears

ex: frontal suture of the frontal bone and epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostoses

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Syndesmosis

amphiarthrosis joint
connect bones by a ligament
ligament connecting two bones
distal joint between tibia and fibula (tibiofibular ligament)

ex: distal joint between the tibia and fibula

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Symphysis

amphiarthrosis joint
bones separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
fibrocartilaginous pads between two bones
vertebrae, intervertebral disc, etc.

ex: joint between the two pubic bones

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Synovial

diarthrosis joint
greatest range of motion compared to other joints
typically located at the ends of long bones
6 types
presence of an articular capsule between two joined bones
bone surfaces at synovial joints are covered in a coating of articular cartilage

ex: ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs

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What are the four components of a synovial joint?

articular cartilage
joint capsule
synovial membrane
joint cavity

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What are the three functions of synovial fluid?

lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption

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Articular cartilage

like hyaline cartilage

wraps bones at joints

no perichondrium & its matrix contains more water

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Joint capsule

sac enclosing the articulating ends of joints

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Synovial membrane

lines interior of joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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Joint cavity

contains synovial fluid

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What are the four accessory structures supporting the knee?

bursa
fat pads
meniscus
accessory ligaments

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Bursa

reduce friction and act as shock absorbers (connective tissue)

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Fat pads

fill in spaces created as joint cavity changes shape when bones move (adipose tissue)

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Meniscus

subdivide a synovial cavity, channel flow of synovial fluid, allow for shape variations of articular surfaces (fibrocartilage)

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Accessory ligaments (4)

1. capsular ligaments 2. extrinsic ligaments 3. patellar ligament (extracapsular ligament) 4. cruciate ligaments (intracapsular ligament)

What causes dislocation?

Excessive force applied to joints can cause dislocation

What are the four types of motion for joints?

1. gliding 2. angular motion 3. circumduction 4. rotation

Gliding

linear motion

Angular motion

changing the angle

Circumduction

complete circle on an angle

Rotation

spinning around its longitudinal axis

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

1. plane joints 2. hinge joints 3. pivot joints 4. condylar joints 5. saddle joints 6. ball and socket joints

Motion type: plane joints

gliding - intervertebral joints - carpal joints - tarsal joints

Motion type: hinge joints

angular, monaxial - elbow joints - knee joints - finger joints

Motion type: pivot joints

rotation, monaxial - axis - atlas - allow movement of head

Motion type: condylar joints

angular, biaxial - radius - carpal bones

Motion type: saddle joints

angular, biaxial - thumb (trapezium) - first metacarpal

Motion type: ball and socket joints

angular, circumduction, rotation; triaxial - shoulder joint - hip joint

Appendicular skeleton

upper limbs lower limbs pectoral (shoulder) girdle pelvic (hip) girdle

Pectoral girdle

- shoulder girdle - contains scapulae and clavicles - connected to the rest of the skeleton by the clavicle and manubrium - relies on skeletal muscles to position them correctly

Scapulae and clavicles

Part of the pectoral girdle scapulae - flat bones clavicles - long bones

Upper limbs

arm (brachial) forearm (antebrachial) wrist (carpal) hand (palmar)

Humerus

arm radius (anterior) ulna (posterior) - connected at the elbow joint

Radius

forearm - in front of the ulna

Carpus

wrist - made of 8 carpal bones

8 carpal bones making up the wrist

lunate scaphoid trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate triquetral pisiform

Lunate

carpus (wrist)

Scaphoid

carpus (wrist)

Trapezium

carpus (wrist)

Trapezoid

carpus (wrist)

Capitate

carpus (wrist)

Hamate

carpus (wrist)

Triquetral

carpus (wrist)

Pisiform

carpus (wrist)

What makes up the hand?

Metacarpals and phalanges - proximal, middle, distal phalanges

Phalanges (hand)

proximal phalanges middle phalanges distal phalanges

Metacarpals

hand

Pelvic girdle

right/left hip bones ilium ischium pubis

Ilium

pelvic girdle

Ischium

pelvic girdle

Pubis

pelvic girdle

Male pelvis

deeper smaller pelvic brim narrower pelvic outlet pubic arch angle of less than 90 deg

Female pelvis

larger and wider pelvic brim pubic arch angle is over 90 deg

Lower limbs

thighs legs ankles feet

Thigh and leg

femur (thigh) tibia fibula patella

Femur

only bone in the thigh

Tibia

anterior (articulates with femur at the knee joint)

Fibula

lateral (articulates with femur at the knee joint)

Patella

knee cap

Tarsus

ankle - made of 7 tarsal bones calcaneus cuneiforms (3) talus cuboid navicular

Calcaneus

tarsus (ankle)

Cuneiforms

3 - tarsus (ankle)

Talus

tarsus (ankle)

Cuboid

tarsus (ankle)

Navicular

tarsus (ankle)

Foot

metatarsals and phalanges

metacarpals vs metatarsals

metacarpals - hands metatarsals - feet

Phalanges (foot)

proximal phalanges middle phalanges distal phalanges

2 Arches of the Foot

1. Transverse arch 2. Longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

runs across the cuneiforms and base of metatarsal bones

Longitudinal arch

lateral (outer) medial (inner) runs from calcaneus to metatarsals (heel to long foot bones)

What is rheumatism?

indicates pain and stiffness affecting the musculoskeletal system

What is arthritis?

inflammation caused by damage to the articular cartilage at a joint the inflammation puts more stress on the already damaged articular cartilage, causing even more damage which then causes more inflammation and pain in a positive feedback loop

What is osteoarthritis?

degenerative joint disease - tissues in the joint break down over time - degeneration of articular cartilage in the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip joints - inflammation due to articulating bones rubbing together without cushioning

Two less common types of arthritis:

gouty arthritis rheumatoid arthritis

All skull joints are sutures except:

All skull joints are sutures except the JOINT CONNECTING THE MANDIBLE TO THE TEMPORAL BONE which is a movable synovial joint

What is the function of ligaments?

to reinforce synovial joints and limit movement to prevent injury

What are the four types of ligaments found at synovial joints (specifically the knee joint)?

1. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 3. collateral ligament (side) 4. patellar ligament (below kneecap)

What is the most common cause of knee sprains?

a tear in the anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments

Where is a torn meniscus most commonly located?

posterior horn tear

What are the two most common types of osteoarthritis?

1. patellofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between patella and femur 2. tibiofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between tibia and femur

Tutorial 4 - Joints & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

(91 cards)