u1 dna, lipids, proteins

Question 1

function of dna

Answer 1

responsible for coding all of proteins and acts as a blueprint for genes (sections of dna)

Question 2

function of rna

Answer 2

different types that work together to read dna and resemble proteins

Question 3

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 3

strong covalent bond that makes up the backbone of dna and rna, links nucleotides

Question 4

how are phosphodiester bonds made

Answer 4

thru a condensation rxn where a phosphate group of one nucleotide links with a hydroxyl group on the third carbon of another nucleotide

Question 5

how are phosphodiester bonds broken

Answer 5

hydrolysis

Question 6

5 nitrogenous bases

Answer 6

adenine, guanine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

Question 7

similarities between dna and rna

Answer 7

both are polymers of nucleic acids and made of nucleotides with a sugar-phosphate backbone, use adenine, cytosine, guanine

Question 8

differences between dna and rna

Answer 8

rna is single stranded while dna is double stranded (diff structure), contain diff sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), rna uses uracil while dna uses thymine

Question 9

function of lipids

Answer 9

• long term energy storage
• hormones compenont
• building cell membranes
• thermal insulation

Question 10

properties of lipids

Answer 10

• hydrophobic molecules that are insoluble in h2o
• stored in bodies as triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 11

monomers of tryclycerides

Answer 11

fatty acids and glycerol (also know the structure)

Question 12

saturated fats

Answer 12

single bonds bw carbons in the chain and has max number of hydrogens possible bonded in the chain
chain is rigid and strong with no bends –> SOLID at rm temp

Question 13

unsaturated fats

Answer 13

double bonds bw carbons, have less than the max number of hydrogens
monosaturated: one double bond
polysaturated: multiple bonds in chain
molecule bends slightly, has bends –> LIQUID at rm temp

Question 14

phospholipids

Answer 14

forms most of the cell membrane
made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
heads are hydrophillic and tails are hydrophobic and forms a bilayer

Question 15

primary structure of protein folding

Answer 15

1. chain of AMINO ACIDS are linked by PEPTIDE bonds
2. LINEAR shape

Question 16

secondary structure of protein folding

Answer 16

forms ALPHA HELICES or BETA PLEATS due to HB b/w the amino and carboxyl groups

Question 17

tertiary structure

Answer 17

1. more folding (hb, other forces) b/w side chains
2. forms polypeptide in 3d structure
   hm: nonpolar side chains avoid water and bend away from it (hydrophobic interactions)

Question 18

quaternary structure

Answer 18

2 or more tertiary structures that combine and interact to form a unique 3d shape

Question 19

functions of proteins in humans

Answer 19

1. energy source
2. structural compenent of cell membranes
3. provide structural support (keratin)
4. transport substances
5. immune response
6. blood clotting/platelets
7. hormones
8. speed up chemical rxns w enzymes

Question 20

trans fats

Answer 20

unsaturated fats that go thru hydrogenation for better texture and easier storage
includes more ldl and less hdl cholesterol –> higher risk of heart disease

Question 21

sterols

Answer 21

hydrophobic, compact molecules containing 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and different functional groups
-> cholesterol is used in a component of cell membranes and also used to make vitamind and bile salts

Question 22

waxes

Answer 22

hydrophobic with firm, pliable consistency, long chain fatty acids is linked to alcohol and carbon rings
-> is waterproof therefore creates coating on plants and animals