u4 - intro

Question 1

homeostatsis

Answer 1

method to keep a stable environment, esp internally

Question 2

main components of homeostasis

Answer 2

1. receptor
2. control centre
3. effector

Question 3

hypothalamus and pituitary

Answer 3

hypothalamus detects changes and signals to pituitary for response. pituitary releases and prod hormones

Question 4

posterior pituitary

Answer 4

stores adn releases hormones

Question 5

anterior pituitary

Answer 5

makes and releases hormones

Question 6

hormones

Answer 6

chemicals released by cells that are located in glands that affect other cells
- chemical regulation ,travel to target cells

Question 7

steriod hormones

Answer 7

made from cholesterol (fat soluble) in sex organs and adrenal glands (cortisol, estrogen , testosterone)

Question 8

role of steroid horomes

Answer 8

regulates metabolism, inflammation, immune function

Question 9

how steroid hormones travel thru body

Answer 9

in blood, bound to plasma protein carriers and diffuse into cell

Question 10

how steroid hormones changes a cell

Answer 10

1. hormone enters target cell
2. binds w receptor protein
3. hormone receptor complex enters nucleus
4. complex binds w dna
5. mrna copy made of gene
6. mrna is read by ribosomes and protein made

Question 11

protein hormones

Answer 11

made from amino acids (water soluble), incl insulin, growth hormones, thyroxine

Question 12

how protein hormones change a cell

Answer 12

1. hormones travel in blood and attach to receptor protein on cell membrane
2. receptor protein complex activates secondary enzymes on cell membrane
3. activated enzymes = from cAMP (cycle AMP from ATP)
4. cAMP acts as manager, triggering cellular processes to carry out normal function

Question 13

hypersecretion

Answer 13

more hormones are released than normal

Question 14

hyposecretion

Answer 14

less hormones are released than normal (little to no change)

Question 15

hormones that control bblood sugar lvls

Answer 15

insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells)

Question 16

where are insulin and glucagon made

Answer 16

pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

Question 17

whats released when blood sugar is high

Answer 17

insulin
- inc permeability of cells to glucose
- glucose conv to glycogen, stored in liver
- blood sugar lvl drops

Question 18

whats released when blood sugar is low

Answer 18

glucagon
- conv glycogen to glucose
- blood sugar lvl inc

Question 19

role of adrenal medulla

Answer 19

fight or flight, short term stress response

Question 20

role of adrenal cortex

Answer 20

long term stress response

Question 21

acute (shortterm) stress response

Answer 21

1. msgs are sent from hypothalamus –> spinal cord nerves –> adrenal medulla
2. adrenal medulla releases adrenaline/noradrenaline
3. blood vessels and iris dialate, inc blood sugar lvl, heart/breathing/metabolic rate

Question 22

chronic (long term) stress reponse

Answer 22

1. hypothalamus releases acth –> adrenal cortex
2. adrenal cortex secretes CORTISol (inc aa in blood conv to glucose for cellresp and protein synth) & aldosterone (inc sodium retention in kidneys, inc blood volume/pressure)
3. inc bp –> inc blood clotting (risk of heart attack/stroke) –> inc cellresp and heeartrate, damage heart muscle

Question 23

low calcuim what happens

Answer 23

parathyroid gland prod pth –> kidneys and gut retain calcium //bones release calcium

Question 24

high calcium what happens

Answer 24

thyroid gland releases calcitonin, deposits calcium in bone

Question 25

what does thyroid gland also release and what does it do

Answer 25

t3, t4, used for gorwth/differentiaton of tissues, regulating metabolism

Question 26

what happens when metabolic rate dec

Answer 26

hypothalamus secretes thyroid releasing hormone (trh), pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) - tsh activates thyroid gland to release t3,t4

Question 27

negative feedback loop built into response to low metabolism

Answer 27

high lvls of thyroxine cause pathways to be turned off (for rleeasing t3, t4)

Question 28

hypothyroidism

Answer 28

caused by lack of iodine, cancer, genetic disorder, results in an enlarged thyroid, prod goiter

Question 29

hyperthyroidism

Answer 29

caused by autoimmune disease (graves disease), inflammation, overactive nodules, results in overprod of tsh, t3,t4 (accerlerated metabolsim)

Question 30

shared symptoms of hypo/hyperthyroidsm

Answer 30

fatigue, insomnia, hair loss

Question 31

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 31

slow heartrate, irregular/heavy period, dec sweating

Question 32

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

fast hr, short/light periods, inc sweating

Question 33

hypothyroid treatments

Answer 33

synthetic t4

Question 34

hyperthyroid treatements§

Answer 34

antithyroid meds, radioactive iodine, surgery

Question 35

growth hormone

Answer 35

somatotropin, inc cell size in muscle and connective tissue

Question 36

low amt of growth hormone released in childhood

Answer 36

dwarfism

Question 37

high amt of growth hormone released in childhood

Answer 37

gigantism

Question 38

high amt of growth hormone released during adulthood

Answer 38

acromegaly