Unit 10. Part 2

Question 1

De-Stalinization

Answer 1

• undo worst features of Stalin’s regime
• permit intellectual freedom
• reduce secret police powers; close some Siberian camps

Question 2

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Answer 2

-wrote Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich; portrayal of horrors of the forced labor camps

Question 3

Josip Broz Tito

Answer 3

-leader of the Communist resistance movement in Yugoslavia; wanted it to be an independent Communist state

Question 4

Stalinization in Eastern Europe

Answer 4

• 1948-1953; instituted Soviet type 5 year plans with emphasis on heavy industry rather than consumer goods
• collectivization of agriculture
• eliminate non-Communists parties and established secret police and military forces

Question 5

Wladislaw Gomulka

Answer 5

• elected by the Polish Communist Party as first secretary of Poland
• declared that Poland had the right to follow its own socialist path
• compromise with Soviets; Poland pledged to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact and they were allowed to follow socialist path in return

Question 6

Imry Nagy

Answer 6

• new Hungarian leader; declared Hungary a free nation in Nov 1, 1956
• promised free elections→ Khrushchev was not happy
• Red Army invaded Budapest (capital) and Soviets reestablished control over Hungary
• new leader works with Soviets to crush the revolt

Question 7

Christian Democrats

Answer 7

• interested in democracy and in significant economic reforms (not connected to the prewar church-based parties that were advocates of church interests and crusaded against liberal and socialist causes)
• strong in Italy and Germany

Question 8

Fifth Republic

Answer 8

• after the Fourth Republic, which was politically unstable
• created by Charles de Gaulle; created a new constitution that increased the power of the president (chose prime minister, dissolve parliament, supervise defense and foreign policy)
• de Gaulle= president; wanted France to be a great power again; France should play a role in the Cold War→ pulled france out of NATO; invested in nuclear arms race
• centralize economy; cars and armaments

Question 9

nationalization

Answer 9

• gov ownership of something

- Fifth Republic→ nationalization of traditional industries (coal, steel, railroads)–> gov deficits

Question 10

Konrad Adenauer

Answer 10

• leader of the Christian Democrats; served as chancellor from 1949-1963 in Germany
• founding hero of the Federal Republic
• sought respect for W Germany by cooperating with the US and other W European nations

Question 11

German ‘economic miracle’

Answer 11

• resurrection of W Germany’s economy during Adenauer’s chancellorship
• guided by Ludwig Erhard (minister of finance)
• policies of new currency, free markets, low taxes, and elimination of controls→ rapid economic growth

Question 12

welfare state

Answer 12

• GB; nationalization of the Bank of England, coal/steel industries, public transportation, public utilities (electricity and gas)
• new gov enacted National Insurance Act (established social security program, nationalized medical insurance) and National Health Service Act (created a system of socialized medicine)
• forced British to reduce expenses abroad and dismantle the British Empire; reduction of military aid to Turkey and Greece

Question 13

social security

Answer 13

• gov programs that provide social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident, and the disability insurance

Question 14

socialized medicine

Answer 14

• required dr’s and dentists to work in state hospitals, although private practices could be maintained

Question 15

EEC

Answer 15

• European Economic Community; aka the Common Market;
• France, W Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy signed Rome Treaty
• eliminated customs barriers for the 6 member nations
• created a large free-trade area protected from the rest of the world by a common external tariff
• promote free trade→ encouraged cooperation and standardization in many aspects of the 6 nations’ economies
• became the world’s largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials

Question 16

consumer society

Answer 16

• Western society that emerged after WWII as the working classes adopted the consumption pattern of the middle class and payment plans, credit cards, and easy credit made consumer good such as appliances and automobiles affordables

Question 17

family allowances

Answer 17

• instituted in some countries to provided minimum level of material care for children
• most provided a fixed amount per child
• to increased the population after the decline suffered during the war

Question 18

suffrage

Answer 18

-the right to vote

Question 19

consumer society

Answer 19

-a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity.

Question 20

“the pill”

Answer 20

birth control pill

Question 21

Simone de Beauvoir

Answer 21

• women’s liberation, supported equal rights for women and men
• The Second Sex= women were perceived as a second class status
• 1970s

Question 22

“permissive society”

Answer 22

• new society of postwar Europe

- society in which social norms become increasingly liberal

Question 23

Timothy Leary

Answer 23

-done research at Harvard on the effects of LSD; became the high priest of hallucinogenic experiences

Question 24

LSD

Answer 24

-lysergic acid diethylamide

Question 25

French Student Revolt of 1968

Answer 25

- one of the many student rebellions against universities that did not teach the realities of the modern age often sparked by the opposition to the Second Vietnam War

Question 26

Herbert Marcuse

Answer 26

- German American social philosopher - The One Dimensional Man= argued that capitalism had undermined the dissatisfaction of the oppressed masses by encouraging the consumption of material things - believed that a small group of students could liberate the masses from the control of the capitalist class

Question 27

Feminism

Answer 27

-women's liberation movement

Question 28

Betty Friedan

Answer 28

- Feminist; didn’t like the idea of a ideal housewife and mother - The Feminine Mystique= analyzed problems of middle class American women; argued that women were being denied equality with men - founded National Organization for Women (NOW) - called for the addition to the US Constitution of an amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women

Question 29

1980 Olympics

Answer 29

-The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month.

Question 30

SDI

Answer 30

- Strategic Defense Initiative; aka Star Wars | - , proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks

Question 31

Alan Turing

Answer 31

- British mathematician; designed a primitive computer to assist British intelligence in breaking the secret codes of German ciphering machines

Question 32

Grace Hopper

Answer 32

- Navy officer; invented COBOL (computer language that enabled computers to respond to words as wells as numbers

Question 33

E.F. Schumacher

Answer 33

- british economist | - Small is Beautiful= fundamental critique of the dangers of the new science and tech

Question 34

Chernobyl

Answer 34

-in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1986; nuclear power disaster

Question 35

Green Parties

Answer 35

-ecological awareness in Europe 1970s; preservation of the environment and human rights and equality→ GERMANY

Question 36

Munich Olympics

Answer 36

-1972; 12 Israeli athlete were kidnapped and killed by Palestinian terrorists

Question 37

Baader-Meinhof gang

Answer 37

- terrorist group left wing; Germany; middle class young ppl; denounced injustices of capitalism and supported acts of revolutionary terrorism in an attempt to bring down the system

Question 38

Red Brigades

Answer 38

- terrorist group left wing; Italy | - same as Baader-Meinhof gang

Question 39

-Irish Republican Army

Answer 39

- IRA; terrorist group; wanted to create a separate state; supported from lots of local population sympathetic to their cause - resorted to vicious attacks against the ruling gov and innocent civilians in N Ireland

Question 40

Guest workers

Answer 40

- foreign workers working temporarily in European countries

Question 41

multiculturalism

Answer 41

- refers to the evolution of cultural diversity within a jurisdiction, introduced by its selection policies and institutionalized by its settlement policies.

Question 42

globalization

Answer 42

- describe the process by which ppls and nations have become more interdependent

Question 43

multinational/transnational corporation

Answer 43

- a company with divisions in more than 2 countries

Question 44

global warming

Answer 44

- the increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect

Question 45

developed nations

Answer 45

- rich nations; N Hemisphere; US, Canada, Germany, Japan | - well organized industrial and agricultural systems; advanced technologies; effective education systems

Question 46

developing nations

Answer 46

- poor nations; S Hemisphere; Africa, Asia, Latin America - primarily agricultural economies with little technology - explosive population growth→ food shortages caused by poor soil but also by economic factors (growing crops for developed countries→ profits for large landowners but leaves small farmers with little land on which to grow)

Question 47

NGOs

Answer 47

- nongovernmental organizations | - any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level