Unit 5, Part 2

Question 1

***Abbe Sieyes

Answer 1

• pamphlet→ What is Third Estate? Everything. What has it been thus far in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? to become something.
• not general feeling of nation→ some ppl still wanted to make changes within the framework of respect for authority of king (revival or reform didn’t mean to overthrow traditional institutions)

Question 2

National Assembly

Answer 2

• evolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General
• thereafter it was known as the National Constituent Assembly
• wanted to make a new constitution

Question 3

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 3

• National Assembly swore that they would meet until they had produced a French constitution (break with estates general)
• both the first step in the French revolution (third estate had no legal right to act as the National Assembly
• revolution in jeopardy; king sided with first estate and wanted to dissolve Estates-General→ Louis XVI use force

Question 4

Fall of the Bastille

Answer 4

• most famous urban uprisings
• it used to be a prison
• parisian mob attacked the bastille
• marquis de launay= commander, wanted to negotiate
• he surrendered
• Parisians think of it as a great victory and it became the popular symbol of triumph over despotism

Question 5

The Great Fear

Answer 5

• vast panic that spread like wildfire through france between July 20-August 6
• fear of invasion of foreign troops supported by aristocrats
• encouraged formation of more citizen’s militias and permanent committees

Question 6

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 6

• provided for an ideological foundation for its actions and an educational device for nation
• charter for basic liberties
• French enlightened ideas; from dec of independence and US constitution
• natural rights
• no privileges
• no exemption from taxation
• freedom of speech and press

Question 7

Olympe de Gouges

Answer 7

• French playwright and pamphleteer
• the chief advocate for political rights of women
• didn’t like exclusion of women from political rights
• Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen= insisted that women should have all the same rights as men
• National Assembly ignored her

Question 8

***Women’s March to Versaille

Answer 8

• October 5= Parisian women, thousands, marched to Versaille (from 12 miles away) to confront the king and the National Assembly
• meeting with delegation of women→ told how children were starving for lack of break

Question 9

assignats

Answer 9

-form of paper money; issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property

Question 10

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Answer 10

• july 1790
• bishops and priest of Catholic Church were to be elected by the ppl and paid by state
• all clergy were required to swear an oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution
• pope forbade this
• only 54% of French parish clergy took the oath and majority of bishops refused
• Church= still important institution in lives of French ppl but enemy of Revolution
• counterrevolution= popular base for ppl to operate

Question 11

**Jacobins

Answer 11

• emerged as a gathering of more radical deputies at the beginning of the Revolution
  -member= usually elite and tradesppl and artisans
  -

Question 12

**Varennes

Question 13

**Legislative Assembly

Answer 13

• followed the National Assembly
• PURPOSE???
• clerics and nobles were mostly gone
• most of reps were men of property; many were lawyers
• until national convention

Question 14

Declaration of Pillnitz

Answer 14

• passed by Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William of Prussia
• invites other European monarchs to take effectual means to put the king of France in a state to strengthen, in perfect liberty, the bases of a monarchical gov equally becoming to the rights of sovereigns and to the well-being of the French Nation
• against French Revolution

Question 15

La Marseillaise

Answer 15

• French army invaded Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) but was routed; Paris feared invasion→ National Assembly called for 20,000 National Guardsmen from provinces to come and defend Paris
• one group came from Marseille and sang this song
• national anthem for France

Question 16

*****national convention

Answer 16

-chosen on the basis of universal male suffrage to decide on the future form of gov

Question 17

***Paris Commune

Answer 17

• power was passed onto them from the legislative assembly

- composed of many who proudly call themselves the sans-culottes

Question 18

sans-culottes

Answer 18

-ordinary patriots without fine clothes

Question 19

George Danton

Answer 19

• newly appointed minister of justice
• led the sans-culottes seeking revenge on those who aided the king and resisted the popular will
• fears of treachery→ advance of Prussia army on Paris
• presumed traitors arrested; massacred

Question 20

National Convention

Answer 20

• Sept 1792
• single chamber assembly, called to draft a new constitution; also acted as sovereign ruling body of France
• dominated by lawyers, pros and property owners; and some artisans;
• almost all had political experience; most didn’t trust king and his activities
• 1st major step= sept 21; abolish monarchy and establish republic
• split into factions over fate of the king
• Girondin and the Mountain

Question 21

Girondin

Answer 21

• leaders came from dept of Gironde, located in SW France
• feared the radical mobs in Paris; wanted to keep king alive as a hedge against future eventualities
• both members of Jacobin club

Question 22

the Mountain

Answer 22

• members’ seats were on the side of the convention hall where the floor slanted upward
• represented interests in city of Paris; owed much of it’s strength to radical and popular elements of city
• middle class

Question 23

**the Vendee

Answer 23

-??

Question 24

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 24

- executive committee
initially dominated by Danton
-12 member
-gave country leadership to control domestic and foreign crisis of 1793
Maximilien Robespierre

Question 25

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 25

- small town lawyer, member of Estates-General | - wanted to use power to benefit the ppl (love the ppl (in general, not one-to-one))

Question 26

Reign of Terror

Answer 26

- established by National Convention and Committee of Public Safety - revolutionary courts were organized to protect Republic from internal enemies (those who supported tyranny and were not a part of the revolution) - victims of Reign of Terror (50,000 ppl) = ranged from royalists (Marie Antoinette) to former rev Girondins (Olympe de Gouge)

Question 27

guillotine

Answer 27

- revolutionary device for quick and efficient separation of heads from bodies - most of executions= in the Vendee and in cities, like Lyons and Marseille (places open in rebellion against authority of National Convention

Question 28

Law of the General Maximum

Answer 28

- established price control on goods declared of first necessity (food, drink, fuel, clothing) - controls failed to work very well bc the gov lacked machinery to enforce them

Question 29

de-Christianization

Answer 29

- secularization of church - aimed at creating secular society by eliminating Christian forms and institutions from French society - “saint” removed from street names; churches pillaged and closed by rev armies; priest encouraged to marry - Temple of REASON

Question 30

Temple of Reason

Answer 30

- cathedral of Notre Dame - ceremony dedicated to worship the reason - liberty

Question 31

new republican calendar

Answer 31

- (Oct 5 1793)→ years not numbered by birth of Jesus but from Sept 22, 1792, the day the French Republic was proclaimed→ by now French are living in year II - 12 months; each month had 3 10 day weeks called decades - 10th day of each week a rest day (decadai) - no more Sunday worship days, church holidays, → less non-working holidays - religious festivals replaced by revolutionary festivals - 5 days at end of the year to celebrate revolutionary virtues during festival→ Virtue, Intelligence, Labor, Opinion, and Rewards - rename months - opposition!!!!

Question 32

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 32

-took leadership of revolt; son of African slaves, seized control of Hispaniola Napoleon liked equality but thought that the massacres showed the true savage nature of slaves -he was captured -Jan 1 1804→ western part of Hispaniola (Haiti) announced its freedom and became first independent state in Latin America

Question 33

*** Thermidorian Reaction

Answer 33

- execution of Robespierre - was a revolt within the French Revolution against the leadership of the Jacobin Club over the Committee of Public Safety

Question 34

**Directory

Answer 34

- executive authority -5 directors elected by Council of Elders from a list presented by Council of 500 -

Question 35

Gracchus Baebuf

Answer 35

radical; went beyond earlier goals - wanted to abolished private property and eliminate private enterprise - Conspiracy of Equals → 1796 crushed; he was executed in 1797 - before ppl wanted to either restore the monarchy or not restore monarchy

Question 36

Napoleone Buonaparte

Answer 36

-1769-1821 -dominated French and European history from 1799-1815 -great military commander - read works of philosophes (Rousseau); educated himself on in military matter by studying campaigns of great military leaders from the past -Josephine de Beauharnais -1804= crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I -wanted to limit arbitrary ogv→ became more autocratic than the old regime (kinda like a dictator)

Question 37

*****Italian and Egyptian Campaign

Answer 37

-Napoleon wanted to take Egypt and threaten India, a major source of British wealth→ weakened Britain but British cut of supplies to his army in Egypt

Question 38

***First Consul

Answer 38

- there were 3 consuls but they thought that the decision of the first consul was good enough - Napoleon was First Consul→ controlled executive authority of gov - influence over legislature; appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled army, conducted foreign affairs

Question 39

the Concordat

Answer 39

-agreement between pope and Napoleon -1801; pope gained right to depose French bishops but little real control over French Catholic Church -state has real control -clergy and ministers paid by state -

Question 40

The Civil Code

Answer 40

- Code Napoleon; preserved most of the revolutionary gains - reflected the revolutionary desire for a uniform legal system, legal equality, and protection of property and individuals - equality of citizens before the law - religious toleration; no serfdom and feudalism - undid ease of divorce and undid the restricted rights of fathers/husband made in the Rev

Question 41

****prefects

Answer 41

- responsible for supervising all aspects of local gov; agents of central gov - not local men→ careers depended on central gov

Question 42

Germaine de Stael

Answer 42

- prominent writer; refused to accept Napoleon’s growing despotism - educated in enlightened ideas - set up a salon in Paris→ prominent intellectual center by 1800 - she wrote novels and political works→ denounced Napoleon’s rule as tyrannical - Napoleon banned her books and exiled her to German states→ continued to write - returned to Paris after Napoleon was overthrown

Question 43

****Peace of Amiens

Answer 43

- treaty signed GB, France, Britain | - didn’t last bc British and French both regarded it as temporary and had little intention of adhering to its terms

Question 44

Battle at Austerlitz

Answer 44

- more war after peace of amiens - Napoleon vs Tsar Alexander I (Russian army) and Austrian troops - French outnumbered by tsar picked poor terrain; Napoleon defeated them; tsar went back to Russia

Question 45

The Grand Empire

Answer 45

-Napoleon; 3 major parts -French empire (inner core of Grand Empire); dependent states (Spain, Netherlands, kingdom of Italy; Swiss republic; Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Confederation of the Rhine (union of all german states except Austria and Prussia) ); allied states (Russia, Austria, and Russia) -demanded obedience -tried to destroy old order→ nobility and clergy lost privileges -merit; equality before law; religious toleration

Question 46

Battle at Trafalgar

Answer 46

- Napoleon (with help of Spanish navy) couldn’t defeat the British navy - Britain’s survival= seapower; as long as they ruled the sea, they were invulnerable to military attack

Question 47

Continental System

Answer 47

- it attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war - FAILED - allied resented - new markets in Mediterranean and Latin America for British

Question 48

****Nationalism

Answer 48

-emphasis on fraternite= brotherhood

Question 49

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Answer 49

- philosopher; at first welcomed the French Revolution for freeing the human spirit - became a supporter of German national spirit radically different from that of France - awaken dream of German nationalism (19th century)

Question 50

Elba

Answer 50

- where Napoleon was sent after he was defeated the first time - allowed to ruled this island

Question 51

Battle of Waterloo

Answer 51

- Napoleon came back to France; still thought of himself as Emperor - Napoleon raised an army to fight allied forces - June 18 1814 - Napoleon vs Prussian army and British army - LOST

Question 52

Saint Helena

Answer 52

-where Napoleon was exiled to the second time after coming back to France (Waterloo)

Question 53

Congress of Vienna

Answer 53

- GB, Austria, Prussia, and Russia= Quadruple Alliance - defeated Napoleon→ restore Bourbon monarchy to France (Louis XVIII) - Congress of Vienna= In sept 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement - order established by Congress of Vienna managed to avoid general European conflict for almost 100 yrs

Question 54

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Answer 54

- leader at Congress of Vienna - experience diplomat - conceited self assured - Metternich thought that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy

Question 55

principle of legitimacy

Answer 55

- idea that peace should be established (after Napoleon) in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions - this was done in France and Spain (restoration of Bourbons) and in Italian states (rulers returned to throne) - some places ignored this

Question 56

balance of power

Answer 56

- to prevent any one country from dominating Europe | - Prussia and Austria needed to be strengthened to balance Russia’s gains→ avoid great danger