Unit 4, Part 2

Question 1

Rococo

Answer 1

• art in the 18th century
• emphasized grace and gentle action (not majesty, power, and movement in Baroque)
• rejected strict geometrical patterns; fondness for curves
• follow wandering lines of natural objects (flowers, seashells)
• like Baroque but some little things added
• secular→ lightness, charms→ pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love

Question 2

Antoine Watteau

Answer 2

• 1684-1721
• painter; aristocratic life paintings → sensual, refined, civilized, ladies/gents w/ elegant clothes
• upper-class world of pleasure and joy
• sadness from fragility and temporary nature of pleasure, live, and life

Question 3

**Balthasar Neumann

Answer 3

• 1687-1753
• architect
• Vierzehnheiligen= pilgrimage church
• Residenz= Bishop’s Palace

Question 4

Neoclassicism

Answer 4

• recapture dignity and simplicity of the Classical style of ancient Greece and Rome
• inspired by excavations of ancient Roman cities (Pompeii)
• YEARS????

Question 5

Jacques-Louis David

Answer 5

-1748-1825
-painter
-Oath of the Horatii→ recreated scene from Roman history where 3 Horatius bros swore, before father, that they are willing to sacrifice their lives for their country
moral seriousness; emphasis in honor and patriotism→ popular in French Rev

Question 6

Johann Sebastian Bach

Answer 6

• 1685-1750
• Baroque style; German
• one of greatest composers of all time
• Mass in B Minor; Saint Matthew’s Passion; cantatas and motets
• to him, music was above all means a way to worship God
• his task= make “ well-ordered music in honor of God”

Question 7

George Frederick Handel

Answer 7

• 1685-1759
• German
• international career; secular; wrote operas
• moved to England, attempted to run an opera company
• patronized by English royal court but he wrote music for public audiences
• mostly wrote secular music but is mostly known for his Messiah

Question 8

Franz Joseph Haydn

Answer 8

-1732-1809
-worked for wealthy Hungarian princes
composed 104 symphonies; string quartets. concerti, songs, oratorios, Masses
-visited England→ introduced him to a place where musicians wrote for public concerts, not princes→ “LIBERTY”
-The Creation/The Seasons= oratorios for common ppl

Question 9

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Answer 9

• 1756-1791
• prodigy; 1st concert at 6 yrs old
• wanted a patron→ archbishop was too demanding → moved to Vienna
• couldn’t find a permanent patron→ miserable life
• died at 35 yrs old→ debts
• carried on traditions of Italian comic opera to new heights
• The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute; Don Giovanni⇒ comics; world’s greatest operas
• ease of melody and blend of grace, precision, and emotion

Question 10

Henry Fielding

Answer 10

• 1707-1754; wrote novels about ppl without hesitation who survived by their wits
• The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling= adventures of scoundrel; English life;
• attacked hypocrisy

Question 11

Edward Gibbon

Answer 11

1737-1794

• Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire= among the many causes of the decline of the Roman Empire, the biggest one was the spread of Christianity
• believed in the ideas of progress
• reflected on the decline and fall of Rome→ optimistic about the future of European civilization and ability of Europeans to avoid the fate of Romans

Question 12

high culture vs popular culture

Answer 12

• High Culture (means the literary and artistic world of the educated and the wealthy ruling class)
• popular culture= written and unwritten lore of masses, mostly passed down orally–> 2nd culture of elite; only culture for everyone else

Question 13

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 13

• 1738-1794; Italian philosophe

- On Crimes and Punishment= punishments should only be for scaring, not practice brutality

Question 14

gin and vodka

Answer 14

• gin= England
• cheap; allowed ppl to get drunk, which was a luxury
• rich ppl could get drunk easily because they could afford lots of alcohol

Question 15

chapbooks

Answer 15

printed on cheap paper; short brochures sold by itinerant peddlers to lower-classes

• spiritual and secular material
• stories of the lives of saints; satires and adventure stories

Question 16

Ashkenazic Jews

Answer 16

• largest number of Jews
• eastern Europe
• restricted in movements; forbidden to own land or hold many jobs; forced to pay harsh taxes; subject to periods/outbursts of popular wrath
• pogroms⇒ Jewish communities were looted and massacred

Question 17

Sephardic Jews

Answer 17

• expelled from Spain in 15th century→ migrated to cities (Amsterdam, Venice, London, Frankfurt)
• relatively free to participate in banking and commercial activities
• if successful→ valued by rulers for services→ court Jews

Question 18

pietism

Answer 18

• result of desire for a deeper personal devotion to God
• pious sentiment, especially of an exaggerated or affected nature.
• began in Germany in 17th century when a group of clerics, who wished their religion to be more personal
• spread by teachings of Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf and Moravian Brethren
• believed that it was the mystical dimensions (personal experience with God) in one’s life that constituted true religious experience

Question 19

*****John Wesley

Answer 19

• 1703-1791
• mystical experience
• opposed anglican church
• preached Gospel; appealed to lower-classes
• converts= organized into Methodist Societies→ aid each other in doing good works that Wesley considered part of salvation
• methodism

Question 20

***Methodism

Answer 20

-John Wesley

-

Question 21

enlightened absolutism

Answer 21

• enlightened despotism
• late 18 century
• follow advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles→ path to modern nationhood
• legal, social, and educational reforms based on enlightenment thoughts
• Frederick II of Prussia; Catherine the Great of Russia; Joseph II of Austria

Question 22

Cardinal Fleury

Answer 22

• king’s minister
• france pulled back from foreign adventures while commerce and trade expanded; goc promoted growth of industry (coal, textile)
• balanced budget

Question 23

Louis XV

Answer 23

-1715-1774
- took throne after Fleury died in 1743
ruled alone
lazy, weak→ -ministers/mistresses influenced king; began to control affairs of state and undermine prestige of monarchy
-Madam de Pompadour= charmed Louis→ gained wealth and power make important gov decisions; gave advice on appts and foreign policy
after Seven Years’ War= burdensome taxes, DEBT, more hungry ppl, carefree court life at Versaille

Question 24

pocket boroughs

Answer 24

• boroughs who were bribed by aristocrats to elect them into Parliament

Question 25

the Hanoverians

Answer 25

- new dynasty after Stuarts - started in 1714 - throne was handed over to Protestant rulers of German state of Hanover - George I= couldnt speak english - George II= they were both not familiar with the English system - George III

Question 26

George III

Answer 26

- discontent over electoral system and loss of American colonies= public criticism of the king - 1780= House of Commons didn’t want the influence of the crown to increase, wanted it to decrease - became slightly insane (thought a tree was king of Prussia) - appointed William Pitt the Younger as prime minister

Question 27

William Pitt the Younger

Answer 27

-1759-1806 -son of William Pitt the Elder -supported by merchants, industrial class, and king stayed in power -able to avoid corrupt parliamentary system for another generation

Question 28

Orangist vs Patriots

Answer 28

- Orangists = stadholders; headed executive branch of gov - Patriots= Dutch burghers; merchants, shopkeepers, artisans - fought for democratic reforms that would open up the municipal councils to greater participation than that of oligarchies - success→ foreign interference when Prussian king sent troops to protect his sister (wife of Orangist) - crushed→ Orangist and regent reestablished old system

Question 29

Frederick William I

Answer 29

-1713-1740 -promoted evolution of Prussia’s highly efficient civil bureaucracy -established General Directory= chief administrative agent of central gov; supervised military, police, economic and financial affairs -civil service workers -values= obedience; honor, and service to the king as highest duty expanded military (45,000→ 83,000 men); 4th largest army after France, Russia, and Austria -military= VERY IMPORTANT -Junkers

Question 30

Junkers

Answer 30

-nobility or landed aristocracy in Prussia -owned large estates with many serfs (dominant role in Prussian state) -monopoly over officer corps of Prussian army sense of service to state/king -virtues= duty, obedience, sacrifice (same a military) - ppl other than nobles had few real rights -he allowed and encouraged men of unnoble birth serve important admin posts

Question 31

Prussian militarism

Answer 31

-extreme exaltation of military virtues (even outside of the military)

Question 32

Frederick II the Great

Answer 32

- 1740-1786 - Enlightenment thought - educated and cultured - father didn't like intellectual interests - king is the “first servant of the state” - established single code of laws for territories that eliminated use of torture except treason and murder cases - freedom of speech and religion - didn't change serfdom bc he still wanted noble's supports - Prussia= more aristocratic - didn't allow common ppl in admin - exapanded military

Question 33

Empress Maria Theresa

Answer 33

- 1740-1780 - reform after War of Austrian Succession - admin= more centralized - practical reasons= to strengthen power of Habsburg state - bigger and modernized army - not open to calls for reform from philosophes

Question 34

*******Joseph II

Answer 34

- successor to maria theresa - 1780-1790 - REASON - abolished serfdom - new penal code= no death penalty; established principle of equality before law - religious toleration and restrictions on Catholic Church - deep sense of failure

Question 35

Catherine the Great

Answer 35

-Peter III's wife -Russia -1762-1796 -wanted to reform along the lines of Enlightenment but smart enough to realize that her success depended on the support of the palace guard and gentry class from which it stemmed -equality of all ppl in the eyes of the law her policies strengthened landholding class at the expense of all others, especially Russian serfs -trial by peers; exemption from personal taxation and corporal gov (gentry)--> Charter of Nobility 1785

Question 36

Pugachev’s Revolt

Answer 36

- 1773-1775 - Emelyan Pugachev= succeeded in bringing together different elements of discontent into mass revolt - he won support of many peasants when he issued a manifesto in 1774 that freed all peasants from oppressive taxes and military service - peasants killed estates owners - Pugachev= betrayed, captured, tortured, executed - Catherine= oppressed peasants ever more

Question 37

Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Answer 37

- 1774 | - Russians gained some land and the privilege of protecting Greek Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Question 38

Partitions of Poland

Answer 38

- territorial divisions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria - Poland gradually got smaller, and smaller - 1st= 1772 - 2nd= 1793 - 3rd= 1795