1
Q
WhatWhat is Neutrality?
A
foreign policy of a country that refuses to take sides among warring nations
2
Q
What is individualism?
A
belief in primary importance of the individual and virtues of self-reliance/personal independence
3
Q
What is a legacy?
A
Memories of a person (financial, family, etc)
4
Q
What is ultra nationalism?
A
Extreme nationalism, especially when opposed to international cooperation
5
Q
What is communism?
A
The state is governed by a signle party without formal opposition
6
Q
What is isolationism?
A
Policy of non-involvement in international affairs
7
Q
What is President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Point Vision?
A
- open diplomacy; no secrets
- free trade; trade between countries are fair, equal, and have almost no restrictions
- disarmament; number of weapons in each country is decreased
- colonial claims; peaceful settlement should be made regarding European colonies
- national borders; peaceful adjustment of European borders based on self-determination
- association of nations; to guarantee equality and collective security among countries
8
Q
What are legitimate national interests?
A
- considering impact of actions on other countries
- seeking “win-win” solutions where conflict arises
- having objectives that reflect internationalism
9
Q
When does ultra nationalism occur?
A
- actions are taken without regard for impact on other countries
- a country seeks to dominate where conflict arises
- little or no consideration is given for internationalism
10
Q
How many nations were originally in the League of Nations?
A
23, including Britain, France, Canada, etc
11
Q
Why didn’t the US join the League of Nations?
A
the congress, senate, and people opposed it
Wilson even went on a speaking tour for it, but he had a stroke before the tour ended and never recovered. He died in 1924 and the US never joined the League
12
Q
Every member nation of the League was bound by promise it wouldn’t go to war without?
A
- accepting a settlement decided by a League of Nations panel of judges
or
- allow the League to discuss the problem for six months, after which it would suggest a solution
13
Q
What would happen if a nation didn’t comply with the league?
A
- it would be shut out of world trade (trade sanctions would be imposed)
- if that fails the League could use military action
14
Q
What caused Prohibition in Canada?
A
- grain that could feed troops during the war was used to make alcohol
- making and selling alcohol was banned across Canada
15
Q
What was the effect of prohibition in Canada?
A
illegal Canada making and selling became very profitable
16
Q
What caused Woman’s Suffrage in Canada?
A
- soldier’s female relatives voted during the war
- women campaigned for the right to vote
17
Q
What was the effect of Woman’s Suffrage in Canada?
A
in 1918 all provinces but Quebec granted enfranchisement (right to vote) for women
18
Q
What caused labour unrest in Canada?
A
- workers were paid poorly, and worked in unsafe/healthy conditions
19
Q
What was the effect of labour unrest in Canada?
A
- labour unions were created, and strikes occurred (One Big Unit and the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919)
20
Q
What was the cause of rural discontent in Canada?
A
- after the war grain prices fell, and machinery prices rose
- machines replaced workers and caused unemployment
- the rising freight rates were harsh
21
Q
What was the effect of rural discontent in Canada?
A
- organisations were ,made to work for farmers’ causes (United Farmers, CCF, etc)
- many rural people moved to urban centres
22
Q
What was the cause of profit for lives in Canada?
A
- many companies making profits by cutting the quality of the equipment for the military became known
23
Q
What was the effect of profit for lives in Canada?
A
- investigations, arrests, and political scandals occurred
24
Q
What was the cause of Aboriginal Discontent in Canada?
A
- aboriginal soldiers came home and didn’t get the same benefits as other veterans and didn’t get to vote
25
What was the effect of Aboriginal Discontent?
- a league of Indians was formed
26
What was the cause of French-Canadian Discontent?
- worried about maintenance of their culture, conscription Crisis of 1917 created tensions between the French and English Canadians
27
What was the effect of French-Canadian discomfort?
- Action National Party was formed
28
What was the cause of changing attitudes?
- Canada automatically went to WWI as a colony of Britain
29
What was an effect of changing attitudes?
- WWI created a Canadian identity and nationalism that inspired desire for independence from Britain
30
What happened with the official colours in 1921?
- King George V claimed red and white as Canada's official colours; Canada now had its own colours to distinguish unique entity in the British commonwealth
31
What happened in the Chanak Crisis in 1922?
- Britain expected Canada to join conflict over Chanak in Turkey, Prime Minister insisted decision to war had to be debated in parliament, when the debate was finished so was the issue
32
What happened in the Halibut Treaty in 1923?
- the Canadian-American agreement was signed concerning fishing rights in the North Pacific Ocean, Britain wanted to sign but the Prime Minister argued the matter was Canada and Us's concerns
- it was the first treaty negotiated and signed by the Canadian government
33
What happened in the King-Byng affair in 1926?
- Prime Minister King asked Governor-General Byng to call an election due to a scandal his government was facing, but Byng instead just appointed opposing party leader Arthur Meighen as Prime Minister
- Meighen's government fell in three days, so Byng had to call an election anyways
- At the election King claimed Byng meddled in Canadian affairs, which reduced Canada to a colony, King won and was elected into power again
- Kind protests to King George, and Byng lost his job
- it was the last time an appointed Governor General went against an elected Canadian Prime Minister
34
What happened in the Statue of Westminster in 1931?
- by the statue of Westminster, British parliament couldn't abolish laws made in the self governing dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Irish Free state)
- Canada was now an official nation state (celebrated July 1, Canada Day)
35
What happened in the US during the roaring twenties?
Debate of evolution against creation, arrest and execution of communists, rise of organised crime,widening spaces between socioeconomic levels
36
How did the US try to protect national interests?
- put limits on immigrants into the US
- put high tariffs on imported goods
37
What happened in the US during the great depression?
- workers on the lower levels were suffering from poverty, farmers included
- the stock market had been on a rise
- since the wealth wasn't circulating and most of the invested money wasn't real the market was bound to crash
- when sudden shares were sold, buyers unfound, and banks stopped supporting prices, the shares became worthless and the market crashed
38
What is fascism?
- a response to crisis
- fascist leaders promise to rescue the people and restore glory
- only succeeds if the people are willing to stand together in the face of their foes
39
What does the Fascist ideology include?
- patriotism
- ultranationalism
- contempt for human rights
- authoritarian rule (strong figure)
- totalitarian (strong central government)
- militaristic
- anti communist
- populism (government is the voice of "common people")
- anti-liberalism (freedoms and individual rights rejected)
- control of themedia
- idntification of enemies to the people
40
What ideas are shared and promoted by Fascist regimes?
- nation in crisis: nation is in crisis because of a racial and ethnic variety within the country creates friction and weakens it (Hitler blamed the Jews)
- idealised past: build a picture of legendary past to build identity and nationalism and promises to return to the glory
- need for social change: people must change to get this revival
41
What are common feature of Fascist systems?
1) survival of the fittest- strength of a nation based on its ability to defend itself, or take what it wants
2) Regimented social structures- for a fascist structure to work, everyone must know his.her place
3) Authoritarian Rule- fascist systems led by strong leader with absolute authority
4) violence- with fascist state, strict discipline accepted as a way to deal with citizens
5) Statism- most controlled by a strong, central government
6) anti-liberalism- against reform; allows no differences of opinion
7) ultranationalism- promote identity into an extreme form of nationalism
8) fascism glorifies youth- supports citizens in physical prime
42
What was Italy's fascism like?
National Fascist party
- Roman Catholic church dominated Italy
- conquest showed Italy's strength
- didn't advocate antisemitism until alliance with Germany
43
What was Germany's fascism like?
Nazi Party
- Hitler claimed to be protector of church, didn't include Jews or Jehovah's witnesses
- conquest showed Germany's superiority
- antisemitism part o the original Nazi Program
44
How is neo-fascism pursued as now?
- anti-immigration laws
- small, progressive limits on civil rights (in name of giving democratic state more power)
-isolationist foreign policy
- government intervention in production (to protect state from economic downturns
45
How do neo-fascists attempt to gain support/power by?
legitimate political involvement, literary publications, internet maketing
46
How did Germany's financial condition seem to get better?
- American investors helped, Germany rebuilt damages, prices of rents of land soared, government subsidized activities of the rich with tax money
47
Why did American Investors help Germany?
The Dawes Plan
- a financially healthy Germany could pay reparations to the Allies, who could then pay the US the money they loaned to get machines and supplies from the US
48
Why did the Germany Economy Decline?
-after the industrial boom the economists warned the system would fall but were ignored
- by 1931 amortisations, rents, interests, taxes are everything up and workers were dismissed in masses
- became so desperate Adolf Hitler became appealing
49
What did Hitler gain when he became Chancellor in 1933?
- a population desperate to solve poverty
- efficient propaganda systems
- money to pursue his party's politics
50
Why did Hitler believe in antisemitism?
- believed "True Germans" didn't cause WWI defeat, Jews and church leaders in Germany had
- these groups were deemed traitors and referred to as "November Criminals"
51
What was the early Nazi Attempt?
- prior to 1930 Nazis gained lots of members from former soldiers who wanted to see Germany become powerful again
-told by SA leaders to take action, Hitler planned to control Munich in an overthrow of government then march to Berlin
- march to Munich disaster, Hitler arrested and imprisoned
52
What was Hitler's book "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle) about?
- outlines Nazi ideology, which he would later use to plan Germany's future
followed principles of antisemitism, anticommunism, militarism, propaganda, Aryan supremacy, lebensraum, national socialism
53
How did the Nazi Party rise to power?
- when Hitler was already chancellor he held an election to make the Nazi Party stronger. To celebrate their electoral victory Nazi storms troopers in civilian clothes smashed window s of Jewish businesses
54
What was the Nazi's two main propaganda methods?
- information circulated to convince people only Hitler and the Nazis could help them
- Hitler's speechmaking ability
55
How was Hitler's speeches different?
They were carefully stages with rehearsed hand gestures, pitch of voice, lighting, etc
56
Why did the people support Hitler?
- economic promises
- German a great nation promise promise
- someone to blame (Jews)
- united germans
- silenced opposition
57
What were basic premises of teh Nazis?
- Lebensraum
- reversal of the Treaty of Versailles
- Arygan supremacy
- national socialism
- self sufficient Germany
58
Why was Lebensraum needed?
more "living space"
- factories required raw materials Germany was insufficient to supply
- more raw materials to build military strength
- needed for self sufficiency
59
What was the RAD program?
National Labour Service, RAD, created to keep the promise to have Germans working again
60
What was done to create more jobs?
- all Jews forced to resign
- women forced to resign
- unmarried men under 25 forced to join RAD
- women in government given government loans to resign and marry
- opponents of Nazis sent to concentration camps
- conscription after 1935 forced most males to join armed forces
61
62
What were other factors improving the German economy?
1) reparations- Hitler stopped paying reparations and saved to invest to make more jobs
2) government spendings- jobs made by using money on making work schemes like motorways, buildings, car industry
3) wage and price controls- banned trade unions to keep wages low
4) rearment- made more jobs in the army and weapons factories
63
What were special words created by Nazis to reinforce specific notions?
- German people are the chosen people
- Germany would be successful if everyone worked together
- anything interfered with Aryan Supremacy had to be eliminated
- Hitler was the leader, heroiuc, larger than life
- following Hitler leads Germany to establish teh new world order and restore Germany to teh rightful place in the world
64
What were the novemberg laws?
- only a person of Aryan blood can be a citizen
- Jews can't vote, hold public office, or be citizens
- marriage between german and jew forbidden
- sexual relations between german and jew forbidden
- jews cannot display national flags, colours, or symbols claiming german citizenship
65
What happened in the kristallnacht?
- 10 000 Jewish owned businesses destroyed
- all contents of destroyed businesses destroyed
- Jewish places of worship set on fire, fire brigades didn't care to show loyalty
- Jewish community ordered to provide 1 million marks for clean up
- Jews forced to clean streets once campaigns were over
66
Previously why did the jews stay?
- few took Hitler serious at first
- expensive to move
- had ancestral roots
- antisemitism was common
- Jews that attempted to emigrate faced restrictions and faced antisemitism in other countries
67
What was the final solution?
the holocaust; Nazi program to exterminate all Jews in Europe. Systematic deportation of Jews from all over Europe to 6 extermination camps established in former Polish territory. They were killing centres; killed using poison gas pumped into large rooms that looked like showers. After death, bodies disposed in crematoriums.
Social 20-1
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