Asn Study > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urinary system.

A

The organ system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

To filter blood and produce urine.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the ______.

A

bladder

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4
Q

True or false: The bladder can hold about 300-500 mL of urine.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What is the role of the urethra?

A

To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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6
Q

Define nephron.

A

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

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7
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

The process of filtering blood in the glomerulus to form urine.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Reabsorption occurs primarily in the ______ of the nephron.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

True or false: The kidneys help regulate blood pressure.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What hormone do the kidneys produce to regulate red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell formation.

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11
Q

Define renal pelvis.

A

The funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine.

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12
Q

What is the function of the bladder’s detrusor muscle?

A

To contract and expel urine during urination.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The external urethral sphincter is under ______ control.

A

voluntary

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14
Q

True or false: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity.

A

FALSE

The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, behind the abdominal cavity.

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15
Q

What is the average urine output for an adult per day?

A

About 1 to 2 liters.

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16
Q

Define diuresis.

A

Increased urine production, often due to fluid intake or medication.

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17
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

The blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the body retain ______.

A

water

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19
Q

True or false: The urinary system helps maintain electrolyte balance.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

To concentrate urine and conserve water.

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21
Q

Define nephrolithiasis.

A

The condition of having kidney stones.

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22
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct?

A

To collect urine from nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the ______.

A

glomeruli

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24
Q

True or false: Urinary incontinence is the inability to control urination.

A

TRUE

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25
What does **urinalysis** test for?
It tests urine for various substances to assess health.
26
Define **pyelonephritis**.
A kidney infection that can affect one or both kidneys.
27
What is the **function** of the renal corpuscle?
To filter blood and form filtrate.
28
Fill in the blank: The **afferent arteriole** brings blood to the ______.
glomerulus
29
True or false: The urinary system is involved in acid-base balance.
TRUE
30
What is **acute kidney injury (AKI)**?
A sudden decrease in kidney function, often reversible.
31
Define **chronic kidney disease (CKD)**.
A progressive loss of kidney function over time.
32
What is the **function** of the distal convoluted tubule?
To further modify filtrate through secretion and reabsorption.
33
Fill in the blank: **Hematuria** is the presence of ______ in urine.
blood
34
True or false: The kidneys filter out all substances from the blood.
FALSE ## Footnote The kidneys selectively filter substances, retaining essential ones.
35
What is **renal failure**?
The inability of the kidneys to perform their functions.
36
Define **urodynamic testing**.
A series of tests to evaluate bladder function and urine flow.
37
What is the **function** of the bladder's internal sphincter?
To control the flow of urine from the bladder.
38
Fill in the blank: **Cystitis** is inflammation of the ______.
bladder
39
True or false: The urinary system is not involved in hormone regulation.
FALSE ## Footnote The kidneys produce hormones like erythropoietin and renin.
40
What is **renal replacement therapy**?
Treatment options like dialysis or transplant for kidney failure.
41
Define **nephrotoxic**.
Substances that can cause damage to the kidneys.
42
What is the **function** of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To regulate blood pressure and filtration rate.
43
Fill in the blank: **Urinary tract infections (UTIs)** are often caused by ______.
bacteria
44
True or false: The kidneys can regenerate damaged tissue.
FALSE
45
What is **renal ultrasound** used for?
To visualize kidney structure and detect abnormalities.
46
Define **nephrectomy**.
Surgical removal of a kidney.
47
What is the **function** of the renal vein?
To carry deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.
48
Fill in the blank: **Uremia** refers to the presence of ______ in the blood.
urea and other waste products
49
True or false: The urinary system plays a role in detoxification.
TRUE
50
What is **bladder training**?
A behavioral technique to improve bladder control.
51
Define **urinary retention**.
Inability to completely empty the bladder.
52
What is the **function** of the prostate gland in males?
To produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
53
Fill in the blank: **Kidney stones** can be caused by high levels of ______.
calcium
54
True or false: The urinary system is only responsible for urine production.
FALSE ## Footnote It also regulates fluid balance, electrolytes, and blood pressure.
55
What is **urinary diversion**?
Surgical procedures to reroute urine flow from the bladder.
56
Define **nephrology**.
The branch of medicine that deals with kidney health and diseases.
57
What is the **function** of the renal capsule?
To protect the kidneys and maintain their shape.
58
Fill in the blank: **Polycystic kidney disease** is characterized by ______.
the growth of cysts in the kidneys.
59
True or false: The urinary system does not affect metabolism.
FALSE
60
What is **dialysis**?
A treatment that filters waste and excess fluid from the blood.
61
Define **urinary frequency**.
The need to urinate more often than normal.
62
What is the **function** of the bladder's transitional epithelium?
To allow stretching as the bladder fills.
63
Fill in the blank: **Acute tubular necrosis** is damage to the ______.
renal tubules
64
True or false: The kidneys can filter blood without any energy.
FALSE ## Footnote Filtration requires energy for active transport processes.
65
What is **glomerulosclerosis**?
Scarring of the glomeruli, affecting kidney function.
66
Define **urinary urgency**.
A sudden, strong need to urinate.
67
What is the **function** of the renal tubules?
To reabsorb water, ions, and nutrients from filtrate.
68
Fill in the blank: **Creatinine** is a waste product from ______ metabolism.
muscle
69
True or false: The urinary system is essential for homeostasis.
TRUE
70
Fill in the blank: The **ureters** transport urine from the kidneys to the ______.
bladder
71
True or false: The **urethra** is longer in females than in males.
FALSE ## Footnote The male urethra is approximately 20 cm, while the female urethra is about 4 cm.
72
Define **glomerulus**.
A network of capillaries in the nephron where blood filtration begins.
73
What is the role of **antidiuretic hormone (ADH)**?
To regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
74
Fill in the blank: **Renin** is released by the kidneys in response to ______.
low blood pressure
75
What does **urinalysis** test for?
It tests urine for various substances to assess health and diagnose conditions.
76
True or false: **Diuretics** increase urine production.
TRUE ## Footnote Diuretics are often used to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention.
77
Define **hematuria**.
The presence of blood in urine, indicating possible kidney or urinary tract issues.
78
What is the **bladder capacity** in adults?
Typically ranges from 400 to 600 mL.
79
Fill in the blank: The **renal pelvis** collects urine from the ______.
kidneys
80
What is **pyelonephritis**?
A type of kidney infection that can cause fever and flank pain.
81
True or false: **Kidney stones** are formed from crystallized minerals in urine.
TRUE ## Footnote Common types include calcium oxalate and uric acid stones.
82
Define **incontinence**.
The inability to control urination, leading to involuntary leakage of urine.
83
What is the **function of the prostate gland**?
To produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm during ejaculation.
84
Fill in the blank: **Cystitis** is an inflammation of the ______.
bladder
85
What is **glomerulonephritis**?
An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, affecting filtration.
86
True or false: **Urinary tract infections (UTIs)** are more common in men than women.
FALSE ## Footnote Women are at higher risk due to shorter urethras.
87
Define **renal failure**.
A condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste from the blood.
88
What is the **normal urine pH range**?
Typically between 4.5 and 8.0.
89
Fill in the blank: **Uremia** refers to excess waste products in the ______.
blood
90
What is **dialysis**?
A medical procedure that removes waste and excess fluid from the blood when kidneys fail.
91
True or false: **Creatinine** levels are used to assess kidney function.
TRUE ## Footnote Elevated creatinine indicates impaired kidney function.
92
Define **nephrolithiasis**.
The condition of having kidney stones.
93
What is the **function of the urethra**?
To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
94
Fill in the blank: **Proteinuria** is the presence of ______ in urine.
protein
95
What is **acute kidney injury (AKI)**?
A sudden decrease in kidney function, often reversible with prompt treatment.
96
True or false: **Chronic kidney disease (CKD)** is a progressive loss of kidney function.
TRUE ## Footnote CKD can lead to end-stage renal disease if untreated.
97
Define **nephrectomy**.
The surgical removal of a kidney.
98
What is **urinary retention**?
The inability to completely empty the bladder, leading to discomfort.
99
Fill in the blank: **Bladder cancer** symptoms may include blood in ______.
urine
100
What is the **most common cause of acute kidney injury**?
Prerenal causes, often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
101
True or false: **Electrolyte imbalances** can occur with kidney dysfunction.
TRUE ## Footnote Imbalances may include high potassium or low calcium levels.
102
Define **urinary diversion**.
A surgical procedure to reroute urine flow due to bladder dysfunction.
103
What is **post-void residual**?
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
104
Fill in the blank: **Hemodialysis** is performed using a ______ machine.
dialysis
105
What is the **function of the renal artery**?
To supply blood to the kidneys for filtration.
106
True or false: **Urinary frequency** can indicate a urinary tract infection.
TRUE ## Footnote Other symptoms may include urgency and burning sensation.
107
Define **diuretic**.
A medication that promotes the production of urine by the kidneys.
108
True or false: **Loop diuretics** are potassium-sparing.
FALSE ## Footnote Loop diuretics, like furosemide, can lead to potassium loss.
109
What is the primary action of **thiazide diuretics**?
They inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.
110
Fill in the blank: **Potassium-sparing diuretics** help retain _______ in the body.
Potassium
111
What is **furosemide** used for?
To treat edema associated with heart failure and renal impairment.
112
Define **anticholinergic** medications.
Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine, affecting bladder control.
113
True or false: **Antibiotics** can treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).
TRUE ## Footnote Common antibiotics for UTIs include trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin.
114
What is the role of **alpha blockers** in urinary treatment?
They relax bladder neck muscles to improve urine flow.
115
Fill in the blank: **Sodium** retention can lead to _______ in patients with heart failure.
Edema
116
Define **urinary analgesics**.
Medications that relieve pain associated with urinary tract irritation.
117
What is the function of **antispasmodics**?
They reduce bladder spasms and urgency.
118
True or false: **Cranberry juice** is a proven treatment for UTIs.
FALSE ## Footnote Cranberry juice may help prevent UTIs but is not a treatment.
119
What is **phenazopyridine** used for?
To relieve urinary pain, burning, and urgency.
120
Fill in the blank: **BPH** stands for _______ hyperplasia.
Benign prostatic
121
What is the primary use of **finasteride**?
To treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
122
Define **urinary retention**.
Inability to completely empty the bladder.
123
True or false: **Desmopressin** is used for diabetes insipidus.
TRUE ## Footnote Desmopressin mimics vasopressin, reducing urine output.
124
What is the action of **osmotic diuretics**?
They increase urine output by drawing water into the renal tubules.
125
Fill in the blank: **Acute kidney injury** can be caused by _______ drugs.
Nephrotoxic
126
What is the role of **urethral dilators**?
To relieve urethral strictures and improve urine flow.
127
Define **nephrolithiasis**.
The condition of having kidney stones.
128
True or false: **Hydrochlorothiazide** is a loop diuretic.
FALSE ## Footnote Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic.
129
What is the main side effect of **loop diuretics**?
Electrolyte imbalances, especially hypokalemia.
130
Fill in the blank: **Urinary tract infections** are often treated with _______.
Antibiotics
131
What is the function of **bladder antispasmodics**?
To reduce involuntary contractions of the bladder.
132
Define **urinary incontinence**.
The involuntary loss of urine.
133
True or false: **Sodium bicarbonate** is used to alkalinize urine.
TRUE ## Footnote It helps dissolve certain types of kidney stones.
134
What is **oxybutynin** prescribed for?
To treat overactive bladder symptoms.
135
Fill in the blank: **Bladder training** is a method to manage _______.
Urinary incontinence
136
What is the primary action of **antimuscarinics**?
They block muscarinic receptors, reducing bladder contractions.
137
Define **renal failure**.
A condition where the kidneys fail to filter waste effectively.
138
True or false: **Diuretics** can help manage hypertension.
TRUE ## Footnote They reduce blood volume, lowering blood pressure.
139
What is the role of **beta-3 agonists** in urinary treatment?
They relax the bladder muscle to increase storage capacity.
140
Fill in the blank: **Urinary retention** can be caused by _______ obstruction.
Mechanical
141
What is the primary use of **tolterodine**?
To manage overactive bladder symptoms.
142
Define **nephrotoxic drugs**.
Medications that can cause damage to the kidneys.
143
True or false: **Urinary tract infections** are more common in men.
FALSE ## Footnote UTIs are more prevalent in women due to anatomical differences.
144
What is the action of **acetazolamide**?
It inhibits carbonic anhydrase, leading to increased bicarbonate excretion.
145
Fill in the blank: **Urinary frequency** is often a symptom of _______.
Infection
146
What is the primary treatment for **kidney stones**?
Increased fluid intake and pain management.
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