1
Q
Ecosystem effects on atmosphere and climate:
A
2
Q
Ecosystem effects on atmosphere and climate:
A
3
Q
Ecosystems and climate:
A
4
Q
Environmental conditions:
A
5
Q
Pollen abundance:
A
6
Q
Ecosystems and climate:
A
7
Q
Evergreen vs. deciduous trees:
A
8
Q
Klimatische Einschränkungen:
A
9
Q
Cultivation limits / boundaries of agricultural production:
A
10
Q
Dry limits:
A
11
Q
Agronomic dry limit:
A
- temperate latitudes 250 mm/a, tropics 500 mm/a
- overcoming the dry limit:
- irrigation
- livestock:
- considerably beyond agronomic dry limit (in tropics: incl. entire briar savanna)
- however: only mobile husbandry (nomadism, transhumance)
- strongly dependent on intra- and interannual variability of rainfall, soil conditions, …
- considerably beyond agronomic dry limit (in tropics: incl. entire briar savanna)
12
Q
Agronomic polar limit:
A
13
Q
Agronomic altitudinal limit:
A
14
Q
Bioclimatic boundaries:
A
- Distribution limits (plant/animal species) by combination of factors:
- Humidity
- Temperature
- Radiation
- Wind
15
Q
Probability of occurrence:
A
16
Q
Climate envelopes:
A
17
Q
Climate envelopes – Norway spruce:
A
18
Q
Climate envelopes – Silver fir:
A
19
Q
Climate envelopes – Douglas fir:
A
20
Q
Climate envelopes – European larch:
A
21
Q
Climate envelopes – pine:
A
22
Q
Climate envelopes – European beech and hornbeam:
A
23
Q
Climate envelopes – chestnut and pedunculate oak:
A
24
Q
Climate envelopes – sessile oak and downy oak:
A
25
***Limitations of climate envelopes:***
* only two parameters temperature and precipitation are considered
* extremes
* pests
* provenances
* other factors…
26
***Effects of climate change to ecosystems:***
27
***Change in composition and structure:***
28
***Upward movement of species distributions (nowhere to go):***
29
***Maximum additional mitigation potential for natural pathways:***
30
***Ecosystems and climate change:***
31
***Biodiversity:***
32
***Climate change and forest pests:***
* Simulation of bark beetle for climate change scenario (1.0°C by 2050, limited precipitation change)
* damage by bark beetles triples compared to 1990-2004
* particularly dramatic damage at low elevation sites
* drastic increase in alpine regions
33
***Effects of temperature increase on plants:***
* *_positive effects (in the lower temperature range):_*
* general growth stimulation
* earlier start of the growing period
* prolongation of the duration of the vegetation period
* favorable e.g. for grassland, potato, sugar beet
34
***Effects of temperature increase on plants:***
* *_negative effects (in the upper temperature range):_*
* shortening of development/growth phases (effects on fruit quality)
* impairment of heat-sensitive growth processes
* reduction of photosynthesis and increase of respiration
* more drought stress due to increase in evaporative demand of the atmosphere
* *_other effects:_*
* shift of cultivation zones / suitability for cultivation
35
***Impact of climate change on agriculture:***
36
***Impact of climate change on crop yields, livestock production, and forest productivity around 2050 (without adaptation):***
37
***Observed impacts to physical, biological and managed systems:***
38
***Changes in crop yields:***
39
***Food, fiber and products of the forest:***
40
***Transformation of the (urban) landscape - what should the cities and forests of the future look like?***
41
***What are climatological natural events?***
* *Wind:* tropical, extratropical storms, tornadoes
* *Precipitation:* floods, droughts, hailstorms
* *Temperature:* heat waves, cold waves, frost events
* Sea level fluctuations, storm surges, groundwater salinization, ocean warming and acidification
* Landslides, landslides, rockfall (permafrost), avalanches
* Spread of vector-borne diseases
* Forest fire
42
***What makes natural events climate risks?***
43
***Climate risks:***
***Climate risk = combination of the probability and consequences of a potentially hazardous climatological natural event***
* Occurrence of natural events alone not a direct risk
* Vulnerability (degree of vulnerability of an individual, community, society, ecosystem) and exposure equally important
* Climate risk = natural hazard x vulnerability x exposure
44
***Climate risks:***
* socioeconomic risks (property, damage, agriculture)
* health risks (e.g., vector-borne diseases, heat stress, direct impacts from storms)
* existential risks (loss of habitat, loss of life, food, drinking water, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services)
45
Climatological background:
* Natural climate variability (temperature, precipitation, ...)
* Natural occurrence of extreme events
* Current and future changes of the climate
46
***Observed change in extreme events:***
47
***Climatological natural disasters 1970 - 2012:***
48
***Sea level rise:***
49
***Summary:***
* Climatological natural disasters are normal due to natural climate variability, although some are amplified and more frequent due to climate change
* Geographic distribution depends on the type of risk, but coastal and mountain regions are particularly affected
* Increase in climate-related risks and damages not only because of stronger or more frequent climatological events
* But also because more wealth and property exists, more is insured, population increases, risk areas become more widely and densely populated
* Great natural and social relevance, even more so in the future
