1
Q
Landscape change:
A
- Public and official
- That´s why…
- comparison
- evaluation
- establish relationship between patterns and processes!!
⇒ quantitative assessment
2
Q
Patterns:
A
- Landscape consists of clusters of ecosystems arranged in groups
- in the arrangement of the clusters certain patterns are recognizable
- Main elements of the patterns are patches and corridors
3
Q
Patches:
A
- relatively discrete areas with relatively homogeneous environmental conditions and with boundaries relevant to the respective reference object (e.g. geotope)
- Mechanisms:
- spatially limited random disturbances (fire, windthrow, erosion)
- predation
- selective herbivory, …
- resource allocation
- aggregation behavior
- competition
- reaction-diffusion
- spread
4
Q
Categories of patchiness:
A
- spot disturbance patches by local disturbances
- remnant patches by large-scale disturbances
- environmental resource patches by heterogeneous resource allocation
- introduced patches by human disturbances
- ephemeral patches by temporary changes in resources
5
Q
Scale-dependent processes for patchiness:
A
6
Q
Boundaries, ecotones, edges:
A
7
Q
Boundaries:
A
- non-interactive
- interactive
8
Q
Boundaries - functional:
A
9
Q
Ecotone:
A
- Hem biotope / fringe biotope (Saumbiotop / Randbiotop)
- Transition zone between two ecosystems
- often particularly species-rich
- e.g. edge of forest, hedges, waterfront also
⇒ think about agroforestry!
10
Q
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
A
11
Q
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
A
12
Q
Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:
A
13
Q
Corridors and barriers:
A
- possible filter effect depending on:
- corridor width
- frequency of (e.g. human) disturbances in the corridor
- mobility and behavior of organisms
14
Q
Matrix:
A
- the most frequent and most coherent landscape element usually plays the dominant role in the landscape function
15
Q
Matrix, patches, corridors:
A
16
Q
Heterogeneity of the landscape:
patchiness vs. gradients
A
- different landscape concepts
- Patch-Corridor-Matrix:
- extent, shape and spatial arrangement of the landscape elements define the landscape pattern
- different landscape concepts
- landscape continuum: gradients determine the pattern of the landscape
17
Q
Landscape continuum:
A
- sometimes patches, corridors and matrix difficult to define
- small isolated elements too small to serve as habitats alone, only together with others
18
Q
How are patterns created in landscapes?
A
- Abiotic conditions (climate, topography, soil, …)
- Biotic interactions (succession, competition, predator-prey relationships, parasitism, spread, …)
- Disturbance regime (natural vs. anthropogenic)
19
Q
Abiotic conditions:
A
- geographical location (e.g. global temperature distribution)
20
Q
Abiotic conditions – zonal effects:
A
- Variability of precipitation and air temperature
21
Q
Abiotic conditions – azonal effects:
A
- Terrain height, slope position (e.g. San Juan Mtns. Colorado)
22
Q
Abiotic conditions – dynamics:
A
- • geographical location / climate (change)
23
Q
Abiotic systems:
A
24
Q
Abiotic subsystems:
A
25
***Abiotic subsystems:***
26
***Abiotic subsystems:***
27
***Abiotic subsystems:***
28
***Abiotic fundamentals and processes:***
* climate
* geology
* relief
* soil
* water balance
* energy and matter balances
29
***Landscape processes:***
***development of soils and vegetation***
30
***Vertical landscape structure:***
* Different spheres (or layers) are involved in the structure of the landscape, which penetrate and influence each other
* The "layers" of the geobiosphere are also called ‘partial complexes‘
31
***Horizontal landscape structure:***
* spatial juxtaposition of differently composed and process-related differentiable landscape units
* energetically and materially linked via “neighborhood” effects
32
***Biotic processes:***
* biological and ecological fundamentals
* vegetation ecology
* plant societies (competition, mutualism,…)
***Video: Interactions of biotic and abiotic factors***
33
***Fundamentals:***
* *_Species:_*
* basic unit of biological systematics
* no unified definition
* different concepts of species
* *Biological:*
* actual or potential reproduction with procreative offspring
* *Morphological:*
* morphological similarity, identical appearance by morphological (anatomical) criteria
* *Phylogenetical:*
* shared and unique evolutionary history and possession of a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits
* *Biodiversity:*
34
***Fundamentals – hierarchy/classification:***
* *_Hierarchieebenen:_*
* Domäne
* Reich
* Stamm
* Klasse
* Ordnung
* Familie
* Gattung
* Art
* Unterart
35
***Speciation:***
***Species conversion***
* *_Mutation:_*
* random (undirected) change of the genome: advantage or disadvantage
* *_Selection:_*
* with change of environmental conditions, features that were advantageous can become disadvantageous and vice versa
⇒ permanent change of species
36
***Speciation:***
***new formation of taxa via isolation***
* *spatial separation of population*
* no more gene exchange possible
* *both gene pools are not completely identical* (especially if small parts are separated, e.g. on isolated ecological islands such as oasis, high mountain in lowlands, cut off river arm, island)
* *mutations*
* in both parts different
* genetic material changes differently
* *different environmental conditions*
* selection in different directions
⇒ fertile crossing sometime no longer possible
⇒ new species
37
***Speziation:***
***Neubildung von Taxa / Spezies durch Genmutation***
* durch fehlerhafte Zellteilung: Chromosomenduplikation
* Wenn sich zwei solcher Keimzellen treffen, wird ein Organismus mit einem doppelten Chromosomensatz gebildet
* Alle Nachkommen können gekreuzt werden
* Entstehung neuer Arten (insbesondere Farne)
