What are the two meanings of consciousness?
Wakefulness and subjective experience.
What is wakefulness?
A physiological state of being awake and aware.
What is subjective experience?
The personal experiential aspect of mental life.
What are the ‘easy problems’ of consciousness?
Questions about mechanisms like brain areas, reportability, unconscious influence, and measurement.
What is the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness?
Why and how subjective experience arises from physical processes.
Give an example of the hard problem.
Why we experience blue as blue.
What is the dissociation method?
A method showing differences between awareness and unconscious influence.
What are the two measures in dissociation?
Conscious awareness and unconscious influence.
What did Sidis (1898) show?
Above-chance guessing without awareness.
What is subjective threshold?
Based on self-report of awareness.
What is objective threshold?
Based on chance-level performance.
How do subjective and objective thresholds differ?
Subjective = report, objective = performance.
What did Marcel (1980) show?
Semantic priming without awareness.
What is semantic priming?
Faster responses to related stimuli.
Can unconscious stimuli produce Stroop effects?
Yes.
What did Marcel show about Stroop?
Unconscious words slow responses.
What is inattentional blindness?
Failing to see visible stimuli due to attention limits.
What did Mack & Rock show?
Attention affects awareness.
What is exclusiveness?
Measure reflects only conscious processing.
What is exhaustiveness?
Measure captures all conscious processing.
What is a limitation of dissociation method?
Not process-pure.
What is the exclusion condition?
Avoid using previously presented word.
What did Debner & Jacoby study?
Conscious vs unconscious processing differences.
What is a qualitative difference?
Different processing with vs without awareness.
