Abdominal Sonography > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(128 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Function of the circulatory system, in concert with the heart and lymphatics

A

 Transport gases, nutrient materials, and other essential substances to the tissues

 Transport waste products from the cells to the appropriate sites for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

 Arteries carry blood ______ from the heart to the body

 Veins carry blood from the tissues to _______

A

away

the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

 Arteries divide into smaller branches, called

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Arterioles lead into __________ which are

A

capillaries

minute vessels that branch and form a network in which materials are exchanged between blood and tissue
fluid (connect arteries & veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After the blood passes through capillaries, it is collected in the

A

small veins or venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ unite to form larger vessels that eventually
return the blood to the heart for recirculation

A

Venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 layers of vessels?

A

Tunica intima
 Innermost layer
 Thin layer of endothelial cells

Tunica media
 Muscular middle layer
 Smooth muscle that allows contraction and dilation

Tunica adventitia
 Outer most layer
 Composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers
 Lends greater elasticity to the arteries
 Allow to stretch and prevent over expansion from pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

 Innermost layer
 Thin layer of endothelial cells

A

Tunica intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

 Outer most layer
 Composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers
 Lends greater elasticity to the arteries
 Allow to stretch and prevent over expansion from pressure

A

Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

 Muscular middle layer
 Smooth muscle that allows contraction and dilation

A

Tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Venules unite to form

A

larger vessels that eventually
return the blood to the heart for recirculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of tubes are arteries?

Enclosed in what?

Smaller arteries contain less what and more what?

A

 Hollow elastic tubes that carry blood away from the
heart

 Enclosed within a sheath that includes a vein and nerve

 Smaller arteries contain less elastic tissue and more
smooth muscles than the larger arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What will not change in diameter with changes in respiration?

A

Pulsatile abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Veins are

what kind of tubes?

appear how?

Have a larger what than arteries?

A

 Hollow collapsible tubes with diminished tunica media
that carry blood toward the heart

 Appear collapsed (little elastic tissue or muscle within
their walls)

 Have a larger total diameter than the arteries

 Move blood more slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Veins contain special valves that prevent back flow and permit blood flow only in one direction, this being?

A

Contain special valves that prevent backflow and permit
blood to flow only in one direction—toward the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IVC should ______ slightly with suspended respiration

A

dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Abdominal Aorta is

located where?

Courses from where to where

Is to the left of what?

A

 Retroperitoneal

 Courses superior to inferior

 Left of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Abdominal aorta

originates from?

courses in an arch to the…

passes into _______ at the…

travels ______ where it bifurcates at the level of….

A

 Originates from left ventricle outflow tract

 Courses in an arch into the thoracic cavity

 Passes into abdominal cavity at aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

 Travels inferiorly where it bifurcates at the level of the umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to vessels during diastole?

A

 Expansion of AO during systole-seen on
ultrasound

 Stores potential energy in walls

 During diastole wall recoils

 Releases energy to force blood to continue moving forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is to the left of the AO?

A
  1. Left lobe liver
  2. Body of pancreas
  3. Pylorus of stomach
  4. Celiac Trunk (CT)
  5. Splenic Vein (SPLV)
  6. Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)
  7. Left Renal Vein (LRV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Anterior to the AO?

A
  1. Psoas muscle
  2. Spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is medial to the AO?

A
  1. Right Kidney (RK)
  2. Tail of pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Size of the arteries SHOULD NOT EXCEED…

A

> 3.0cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

AO Tapers as it courses inferiorly measuring approx.:

 Suprarenal:

 Renal:

 Infrarenal:

 Common iliac arteries:

A

AO Tapers as it courses inferiorly measuring approx.:
 Suprarenal: ~2.5
 Renal:~ 2.0cm
 Infrarenal: ~1.5
 Common iliac arteries: ~ 1.0cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Size (mm) of the AORTA CIA CFA in MEN
AO = 20.2 +/- 2.5 CIA = 13.2 +/- 2.0 CFA = 10.9 +/- 1.5 DISTAL ABDOMINAL AORTA SHOULD NOT EXCEED IN DIAMETER >3CM
26
Size (mm) of the AORTA CIA CFA in WOMEN
AO = 17.0 +/- 1.5 CIA = 12.0 +/- 1.3 CFA = 9.6 +/- 1.0 DISTAL ABDOMINAL AORTA SHOULD NOT EXCEED IN DIAMETER >3CM
27
28
Branches of Abdominal Aorta
1) Celiac Trunk + Celiac Artery - SA - L gastric artery - CHA ~ GDA ~ PHA: LHA, MHA, RHA (cystic artery) 2) Superior Mesenteric Artery 3) Renal artery - LRA -RRA 4) Gonadal arteries - LGA - RGA 5) Inferior Mesenteric artery 6) Common Iliac Arteries - LCIA -RCIA 7) Suprarenal artery 8) Medial sacral artery 9) Lumbar artery 10) Superior/Inferior Phrenic arterties
29
Celiac Artery Originates where? Superior to? How long? Supplies?
 First major branch of the abdominal AO  Originates anteriorly  Superior to stomach  1-3cm in length  Supplies: stomach, liver, spleen and small bowel
30
What happens to the peak systolic velocity in the celiac artery after a meal?
remains unchanged
31
What kind of blood flow is in the celiac artery?
low resistance continuous forward flow in diastole
32
low resistance continuous forward flow in diastole
celiac artery
33
celiac artery BIFURCATES into 3 branches:
1. Splenic artery (SA) 2. Left gastric artery (LGA) 3. Common hepatic artery (CHA)
34
 Courses superiorly to the left, courses along lesser curve of stomach  Supplies: Lesser curve of stomach and esophagus  Anastomoses with right gastric artery
Left Gastric Artery (LGA)
35
 Courses horizontally to the left, tortuous  Courses along anterior superior margin of pancreas body and tail  Terminates at splenic hilum Supplies:  Spleen  Pancreas  Left side greater curvature of the stomach
Splenic Artery (SA)
36
 Courses horizontal to the right, along superior border of pancreas  Bifurcates into 2 branches: 1. Proper Hepatic Artery (PHA) - Branches into right, middle and left hepatic arteries (RHA/MHA/LHA) - Cystic artery branches from RHA 2. Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA)
3. Common Hepatic Artery (CHA)
37
1. Left Gastric Artery (LGA) courses _______ to the ______ along the... supplies... anastomoses with....
 Courses superiorly to the left, courses along lesser curve of stomach  Supplies: Lesser curve of stomach and esophagus  Anastomoses with right gastric artery
38
2. Splenic Artery (SA) courses... terminates at... supplies...
 Courses horizontally to the left, tortuous  Courses along anterior superior margin of pancreas body and tail  Terminates at splenic hilum Supplies:  Spleen  Pancreas  Left side greater curvature of the stomach
39
3. Common Hepatic Artery (CHA) courses... bifurcates...
 Courses horizontal to the right, along superior border of pancreas  Bifurcates into 2 branches: 1. Proper Hepatic Artery (PHA) a) Branches into right, middle and left hepatic arteries (RHA/MHA/LHA) b) Cystic artery branches from RHA 2. Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA)
40
1. Proper Hepatic Artery (PHA) courses... supplies...
 Courses right lateral and superior, become right, middle and left hepatic arteries (RHA/MHA/LHA)  Courses parallel with bile ducts and portal veins Supplies:  Liver  Cystic artery (CA) branches from RHA and supplies the gallbladder
41
2. Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA) courses? lies between? supplies?
 Courses inferiorly  Lies between the superior portion of the duodenum & the anterior surface of the pancreatic head Supplies:  Greater curve of stomach  Pancreatic duodenal area
42
Superior Mesenteric Artery(SMA) originates... in between... supplies...
 2nd major branch of the abdominal AO  Originates anteriorly just inferior to the CT  In between AO and SPLV at body of pancreas  Divides into several smaller arteries  Supplies: small bowel, ascending colon, part of the transverse colon, & head of the pancreas
43
What kind of blood flow does the SMA when fasting?
High resistance multiphasic blood flow
44
What kind of blood flow does the SMA have following a meal?
Low resistance elevated systolic and diastolic velocities, with continuous forward flow in diastole
45
 Originates laterally from AO  Courses laterally and slightly superior over the crura of the diaphragm  Supplies adrenal glands
Middle Suprarenal Arteries
46
Middle Suprarenal Arteries originates... courses... supplies...
 Originates laterally from AO  Courses laterally and slightly superior over the crura of the diaphragm  Supplies adrenal glands
47
 Originates laterally from aorta  Posterior to RVS  Supplies kidneys: at the hilum branches into segmental and arcuate arteries  Low resistance blood flow, w/continuous forward flow in diastole
Main Renal Arteries
48
Main Renal Arteries originates.... posterior to... supplies... what kind of blood flow in diastole?
 Originates laterally from aorta  Posterior to RVS  Supplies kidneys: at the hilum branches into segmental and arcuate arteries  Low resistance blood flow, w/continuous forward flow in diastole
49
RRA
Courses horizontally Courses posteriorly to IVC & renal veins Longer than LRA
50
LRA
Courses horizontally Courses posteriorly to renal veins
51
Courses horizontally Courses posteriorly to IVC & renal veins Longer
RRA
52
Courses horizontally Courses posteriorly to renal veins
LRA
53
Gonadal Arteries (RGA/LGA) originates... courses... which originates more superiorly, L or R?
 Originate from anterior aspect of aorta  Course inferiorly to respective organs  Left gonadal artery typically originates more superiorly than the Right Male - Testicular arteries Female - Ovarian arteries
54
 Originates from the anterior aspect of the distal aorta  Courses inferior and left to the midline, dividing into several smaller arteries into the pelvis  Supplies: transverse colon, descending, sigmoid and upper rectum
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)
55
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA) originates... courses... supplies...
 Originates from the anterior aspect of the distal aorta  Courses inferior and left to the midline, dividing into several smaller arteries into the pelvis  Supplies: transverse colon, descending, sigmoid and upper rectum
56
 Most inferior branch  Supplies: sacrum
Median Sacral Artery
57
 Originate bilaterally from the lateral aspects of the entire length of the aorta  4 arteries arise on each side of AO  Supplies: spinal cord & abdominal wall
Lumbar Arteries
58
 Supplies: diaphragm
Superior/Inferior Phrenic Arteries
59
Median Sacral Artery supplies...
 Most inferior branch  Supplies: sacrum
60
Lumbar Arteries originates... ____ arteries arise where? supplies...
 Originate bilaterally from the lateral aspects of the entire length of the aorta  4 arteries arise on each side of AO  Supplies: spinal cord & abdominal wall
61
Superior/Inferior Phrenic Arteries supplies?
diaphragm
62
Supplies: stomach, liver, spleen and small bowel
Celiac Artery
63
Supplies: Lesser curve of stomach and esophagus
Left Gastric Artery (LGA)
64
Supplies: spleen, pancreas, left side greater curvature of the stomach
Splenic Artery (SA)
65
Supplies: Liver, Cystic artery (CA) branches from RHA and supplies the gallbladder
Proper Hepatic Artery (PHA)
66
Supplies: Greater curve of stomach, Pancreatic duodenal area
Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA)
67
Supplies: small bowel, ascending colon, part of the transverse colon, & head of the pancreas
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)
68
Supplies: adrenal glands
Middle Suprarenal Arteries
69
Supplies kidneys: at the hilum branches into segmental and arcuate arteries
Main Renal Arteries (RRA, LRA)
70
Supplies: transverse colon, descending, sigmoid and upper rectum
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)
71
Supplies: sacrum
Median Sacral Artery
72
Supplies: spinal cord & abdominal wall
Lumbar Arteries
73
Supplies: diaphragm
Superior/Inferior Phrenic Arteries
74
 Low resistance blood flow, w/continuous forward flow in diastole  Peak systolic velocity remains unchanged after a meal
Celiac Artery
75
 High resistance multiphasic blood flow when fasting  Low resistance elevated systolic and diastolic velocities, with continuous forward flow in diastole following a meal
Superior Mesenteric Artery(SMA)
76
Low resistance blood flow, w/continuous forward flow in diastole
Main Renal Arteries
77
Bifurcation of the Common Iliacs supplies?
 Supply the pelvis and the lower extremities
78
Internal iliac artery divides into
anterior and posterior branches to supply the pelvic viscera, peritoneum, buttocks, and sacral canal.
79
The inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac branches branch off before they pass under _______ to become the _______
The inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac branches branch off before they pass under the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery.
80
The portion of the femoral artery (FA) posterior to the knee is the
popliteal artery
81
The POP A further divides into the
anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
82
________ passes under the inguinal ligament becoming the _________
External iliac passes under the inguinal ligament becoming Femoral artery
83
At back of knee femoral becomes ___________ and branches
At back of knee femoral becomes popliteal artery, and branches
84
Sonographic appearance of arteries
Anechoic lumen with echogenic walls
85
Walls
Tunica intima Echogenic line innermost portion of vessel wall Tunica media Hypoechoic area in between the intima and adventitia Tunica adventitia Fibrous outermost layer Echogenic line differentiating the vessels from surrounding structures
86
Echogenic line innermost portion of vessel wall
Tunica intima
87
Hypoechoic area in between the intima and adventitia
Tunica media
88
Fibrous outermost layer Echogenic line differentiating the vessels from surrounding structures
Tunica adventitia
89
AO is anterior and left of the _______
spine
90
Runs inferiorly with a posterior to anterior angulation
AO
91
Pulsatile, non compressible and will not change in diameter with respiration
AO
92
Internal vascular flow: High resistance multiphasic parabolic flow pattern
AO
93
What shows the seagull sign in transverse?
CA (celiac artery)  Superior to body of pancreas  Transverse Seagull SPA and CHA
94
CA is superior to the ______
body of the pancreas
95
SMA in longitudinal is inferior and parallel to? Originates just inferior to?
AO Originates just inferior to CA Linear anechoic structure
96
SMA in transverse is posterior to?
Posterior to splenic vein
97
RRA in transverse is posterior to _______ originates from...
 Originating from right and left lateral aorta  RRA is posterior to IVC
98
RRA in sagittal is posterior to...
 RRA anechoic circular structure posterior to the IVC
99
100
Where is IVC located? Location in relation to spine? Travels through?
 Anterior, right lateral of spine  It is the confluence of the common iliac veins (CIVs)  Retroperitoneal  Travels through diaphragm at caval hiatus into right atrium of heart
101
Veins during systole?
momentum pushes blood forward - forces valves open
102
Veins during diastole?
momentum decreases the valves close and prevent retrograde flow
103
What causes blood to move forward in veins?
Negative thoracic pressures
104
What happens to blood in veins when nears diaphragm?
Spontaneous phasic flow and multiphasic pulsatile flow
105
IVC is posterior to?
 Intestines  Liver  Head of pancreas
106
IVC is medial to?
 Right kidney
107
Approximate size of IVC
2.5cm
107
IVC is right of?
 AO
108
What happens to IVC during inspiration and expiration
Changes in size with respiration variation Inspiration and expiration
109
Tributaries of the IVC
1) 3 hepatic veins (HV’s) 2) 4 lateral tributaries: - Right suprarenal vein (the left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein) - Renal veins RVs - Right gonadal vein (left gonadal vein drains into left real vein) 3) 5 lateral abdominal wall tributaries: the inferior phrenic vein and 4 lumbar veins 4) 3 veins of origin: the two common iliac veins, and the median sacral vein 5) Common Iliac Veins - CIVs 6) Lumbar veins 7) Gonadal veins 8) Main Renal Veins MRVs 9) Hepatic Veins (HVs) 10) Phrenic Veins
110
 Converge at the umbilicus to form IVC  “Confluence”  Drain lower extremities and pelvis
Common Iliac Veins - CIVs
111
 Most inferior  Lateral aspects of IVC  Drain posterior abdominal wall
Lumbar veins
112
Empties into the anterior lateral aspect of IVC
Right Gonadal vein
113
Empties into left renal vein (LRV)
Left Gonadal vein
114
Parallel to IVC
Gonadal veins
115
Courses from right kidney to lateral aspect of IVC Can assist with the empting of the adrenal via suprarenal vein
Main Renal Veins MRVs Right
116
 Longer  Courses from left kidney to lateral aspect of IVC  Anterior to AO  Posterior to SMA, splenic vein and pancreas tail  Suprarenal vein, left gonadal vein empties into LRV
Left
117
Course from the inferior liver to the superior liver - Originate between the segments of the liver and drain posteriorly into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm.  Drains into lateral aspect of IVC  Largest visceral tributaries of the inferior vena cava  Carry unoxygenated blood from the liver
Hepatic Veins (HVs)
118
drains right lobe
Right HV (RHV)
119
drains caudate
Middle HV (MHV)
120
drains left lobe
Left HV (LHV)
121
 Most superior  Course superior to inferior  Drain diaphragm
Phrenic Veins
122
Drain lower extremities and pelvis
Common Iliac Veins - CIVs
123
Drain posterior abdominal wall
Lumbar veins
124
Drains into lateral aspect of IVC
Hepatic Veins (HVs)
125
Drain diaphragm
Phrenic Veins
126
“bunny sign”
Hepatic veins
127
Demonstrate triphasic/pulsatile flow pattern that refelects cardiac pulsations
hepatic veins
Abdominal Sonography
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions