Abdominal Sonography > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

location of pancreas

A

Epigastrium and left hypochondrium

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2
Q

pancreas is between the _______ and extends obliquely to _______ in the anterior _________ space

A

Typically between the c-loop of the duodenum and extends obliquely to
the splenic hilum in the anterior pararenal space

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3
Q

majority of the pancreas is _______

why not all?

A

retroperitoneal

Small portion of the head is covered in peritoneum

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4
Q

pancreas is anterior to:

A
  • IVC
  • Aorta, SMA
  • Portosplenic confluence
  • Diaphragm
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5
Q

pancreas is posterior to:

A
  • Stomach, lesser omental sac
  • Transverse colon
  • Liver
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6
Q

pancreas is medial to:

A

▪ C-loop of duodenum
▪ Splenic hilum

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7
Q

pancreas is inferior to:

A

▪ CT
▪ Liver

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8
Q

The pancreas lies in the ____________ space

A

anterior pararenal

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9
Q

The stomach is anterior to the ______________ of the gland, whereas
the aorta and inferior vena cava, superior mesenteric artery and
vein lie ________ to the gland

A

body and tail

posterior

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10
Q

The head of the pancreas lies in the _________

A

lap of the duodenum

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11
Q

The body of the pancreas is
adjacent to the…

A

left lobe of the liver, stomach, omental bursa, and left kidney

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12
Q

The size of the left lobe of the liver helps…

A

push the stomach away
from the pancreatic area for better visualization.

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13
Q

The head of the pancreas is adjacent to the

A

duodenum, superior
mesenteric vessels, inferior vena cava, and aorta.

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14
Q

The gastroduodenal artery is the anterior lateral border of the _______

A

head

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15
Q

The head of the pancreas may be obscured by

A

mesenteric fat and air in the duodenum

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16
Q

The head of the pancreas lies anterior to the __________ and inferior to the ________

A

The head of the pancreas lies anterior to the inferior vena cava and inferior to the portal vein.

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17
Q

The superior mesenteric vein is
posterior to the _______ and anterior to the ________

A

The superior mesenteric vein is
posterior to the neck and anterior to the uncinate process

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18
Q

Most inferior/caudal portion of the gland

A

Head

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19
Q

Head of pancreas is anterior to:

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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20
Q

Head of pancreas is lateral to:

A

Portal-splenic confluence

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21
Q

Head of pancreas is inferior to:

A
  • Main portal vein
  • Caudate lobe
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22
Q

Head of pancreas is medial to:

A

C-Loop of the duodenum

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23
Q

2 anechoic structures can be identified coursing through/adjacent to the head

A
  • Gastroduodenal Artery (GDA)
  • Common Bile Duct (CBD)
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24
Q
  • Branches off the CHA
  • Courses along anterolateral aspect
  • Supplies the pancreatic head and duodenum
A

GDA

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25
* Distal portion * Courses inferomedially posterior to 1st part of duodenum and either runs through or in a groove on the posterolateral surface * Typically joins with the main pancreatic duct and enters the duodenum at the Ampulla of Vater
CBD
26
GDA branches off the _______ courses along the.... supplies...
* Branches off the CHA * Courses along anterolateral aspect * Supplies the pancreatic head and duodenum
27
CBD courses... joins with...
* Distal portion * Courses inferomedially posterior to 1st part of duodenum and either runs through or in a groove on the posterolateral surface * Typically joins with the main pancreatic duct and enters the duodenum at the Ampulla of Vater
28
Small, curved tip at the end of the head of the pancreas. * The posteromedial projection of the head
Uncinate Process
29
Uncinate process is posterior to...
SMV
30
Uncinate process is anterior to...
IVC Anterior to the Aorta (depending on size of uncinate)
31
Neck is anterior to...
* SMV * Porto splenic confluence
32
Body is anterior to...
* Aorta * SMA * SPL V * Adrenal gland’ * LRV * CT/A
33
_________ courses across the posterior aspect of body and tail closely following the lie of the pancreas
SPL V
34
Body is posterior to...
* Posterior wall of the stomach * SPL A
35
* Left lateral of pancreas body * Typically more superior than the head * Extends to hilum of spleen
Tail
36
Tail of the pancreas is posterior to:
stomach
37
Tail of the pancreas is anterior to:
left kidney
38
runs along its posteromedial surface of tail
SPL V
39
Pancreatic Duct name?
Duct of Wirsung
40
Accessory Duct name?
Duct of Santorini
41
* Primary duct, extending the entire length of the gland * Receives tributaries from lobules and enters duodenum with the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater (guarded by the Sphincter of Oddi)
Duct of Wirsung/ Pancreatic Duct
42
* Secondary duct that drains the upper anterior head * Tapers towards the tail
Duct of Santorini/ Accessory Duct
43
Duct of Wirsung/ Pancreatic Duct Extends where? Receives tributaries from...
* Primary duct, extending the entire length of the gland * Receives tributaries from lobules and enters duodenum with the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater (guarded by the Sphincter of Oddi)
44
Duct of Santorini/ Accessory Duct drains... tapers towards...
* Secondary duct that drains the upper anterior head * Tapers towards the tail
45
Duct of Wirsung Measurement
less than 3mm
46
Where does Duct of Santorini enter?
Pancreatic accessory duct that enters the duodenum approximately 2 cm superior to the duct of Wirsung
47
Ampulla of Vater
Opening in the second portion of the duodenum, where the CBD and pancreatic duct(s) enter to discharge substances that aid in the digestive process
48
Sphincter of Oddi
Muscle surrounding the Ampulla of Vater that controls the flow of pancreatic juice from the pancreas and bile from the biliary tract into the duodenum
49
Opening in the second portion of the duodenum, where the CBD and pancreatic duct(s) enter to discharge substances that aid in the digestive process
Ampulla of Vater
50
Muscle surrounding the Ampulla of Vater that controls the flow of pancreatic juice from the pancreas and bile from the biliary tract into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
51
Opening into the duodenum
AMPULLA OF VATER
52
Arterial Vascularity
*Pancreaticoduodenal Artery The splenic artery supplies the body and tail of the pancreas
53
Venous Vascularity
Venous drainage is through tributaries of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins.
54
Pancreaticoduodenal Artery branches off the... supplies what part of the pancreas?
* Branches off the GDA * Anterior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply the head and part of the duodenum
55
splenic artery supplies what part of the panc? courses...
The splenic artery supplies the body and tail of the pancreas * Courses on the superior edge, tortuous
56
2 functions of pancreas?
1) Exocrine (digestive) 2) Endocrine (hormonal)
57
80% of the pancreatic tissue performs _____ functions
exocrine
58
________ cells carry out the exocrine function
acinar
59
~ _____L of pancreatic juices a day
approx. 2L
60
What is pancreatic juices composed of?
amylase, lipase trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypepidase nucleases sodium bicarbonate
61
Digestive hormone release is stimulated by
partially digested food
62
________ cause the production of pancreatic juices
hormones
63
What hormones stimulate acini cells to produce digestive enzymes?
Cholecystokinin Gastrin Acetylcholine
64
What stimulates the production of sodium bicarbonate?
Secretin
65
Pancreatic juice collects in _______
PANCREATIC DUCTS
66
Digestive Moves into the duodenum through the
Ampulla of Vater
67
_____________ relaxes to allow the passage of the juices
The Sphincter of Oddi
68
ENDOCRINE: Hormonal hormones?
Islets of Langerhans * Tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas * Consist of alpha, beta, and delta cells Secrete hormones directly into blood stream
69
Islets of Langerhans what is it? consists of?
* Tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas * Consist of alpha, beta, and delta cells
70
What type of cell/hormone turns glucose into glycogen
Beta/Insulin
71
What type of cell/hormone turns glycogen into glucose?
Alpha/glucagon
72
What type of cell/hormone deals with ALPHA and Beta inhibitor
Delta/Somatostatin
73
What type of cell/hormone is related to blood sugar regulation?
gamma/pancreatic polypeptide
74
What type of cel/hormone is related to blood sugar regulation
Epsilon/ghrelin
75
Which is more superior, GDA or CBD?
GDA
76
Size of the pancreatic duct
<3mm
77
78
Two buds *Dorsal (cranial) pancreatic anlage Here *Ventral (caudal) pancreatic anlage These arise from?
opposite sides foregut and midgut
79
When is the two buds from the foregut and midgut supposed to fuse?
Supposed to Fuse at 6 to 8 weeks
80
Dorsal(cranial) form
Body and tail of pancreas
81
Ventral (caudal) form
Head and uncinate process
82
Annular Pancreas
A ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum
83
Cysts
* Epithelium lined true cysts, anomalous development of the pancreatic duct * Multiple cysts are associated with cystic disease, von Hippel-Lindau
84
Agenesis
Congenital absence of the body and tail. The head is typically larger.
85
Pancreatic divisum
When a single pancreatic duct is not formed, but rather remains as two distinct dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts
86
Annular Pancreas
occurs when the ventral bud fails to rotate with the duodenum and instead surrounds it this may result in duodenal obstruction
87
Pseudomasses
(not real) * Bulges * Extend to the right of GDA * Anterior body where left lobe liver touches the pancreas Have the same echogenicity and texture as normal pancreas
88
size of panc head
2-3cm
89
size of panc neck
1.5 - 2.5cm
90
size of body
2-3cm
91
size of tail
1-2cm
92
echogenecity of pancreas
hyper echoic or isoechoic
93
echo texture of pancreas
homogenous to motted
94
contour of pancreas
smooth wall margins
95
surface of pancreas
Smooth to slightly lobular (Islets of Langerhans)
Abdominal Sonography
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