week 2 lecture

Question 1

horizontal articular surfaces favor ____ rotation

Answer 1

axial

Question 2

what type of articular surface BLOCKS axial rotation

Answer 2

vertical!!!

Question 3

L spine facets are oriented ___ in the sagittal plane

Answer 3

vertically

note: not for rotation

Question 4

what is the largest avascular structure in the body? How many parts?

Answer 4

IVD

3
-NP
-AF
-end plate

Question 5

cervical and lumbar IVDs are thicker in ___ portion creating lordosis; whereas thoracic is __

Answer 5

anterior; uniform in thickness

Question 6

does the IVD move by itself?

Answer 6

NO

Question 7

5 major stresses of intervertebral disc

Answer 7

axial compression
shearing
bending
twisting
combined motion

Question 8

what stress does IVD not resist

Answer 8

tension

Question 9

CV junction

Answer 9

Atlas, axis and head

C0 - C1

Question 10

CT junction

Answer 10

Relatively mobile lower c-spine meets much stiffer upper t-spine

C7 - T1

Question 11

Thoracolumbar (TL) junction

Answer 11

Located in b/t t-spine w/ large ability to rotate and l-spine w/ limited rotation abilities

T12 - L1

Question 12

Lumbosacral junction

Answer 12

Mobile l-spine meets relatively stiff SI joints

L5-S1

Question 13

2 types of stability (and describe)

Answer 13

mechanical (static) –> body is still

controlled (dynamic) –> body is moving

Question 14

3 types of controlled (dynamic) stability

Answer 14

passive
active
CNS (feedforward/back)

Question 15

which dynamic stability system is most important at END RANGES

Answer 15

passive!

Question 16

local ____ + global _____ = function

Answer 16

mobility
stability

Question 17

capsular pattern of the lumbar spine if joint is the problem

Answer 17

sidebend + rotation (equal)
extension

Question 18

open and closed packed position of lumbar spine

Answer 18

open = midway btwn flex + ext

closed = full ext

Question 19

L5 transitional vertebra

Answer 19

wedge shaped VB
disc smaller
TP larger
SP smaller

Question 20

how many articulations at the L5

Answer 20

6

superior and inferior IV joints (2)
B superior and inferior Z joints (4)

Question 21

lumbarization vs sacralization

Answer 21

lumb = S1 becomes too mobile

sacr = L5 fuses to sacrum

Question 22

which joint in the spine is avascular AND aneural

Answer 22

facet joint!!

Question 23

how many zygopophyseal joints

Answer 23

10 (5 pairs) of zygo joints aka facet

Question 24

facet joints comprises of superior and inferior facets oriented in what planes?

Answer 24

sagittal plane (upper L spine)
coronal plane (lower L spine)

note both are vertical but neither favor SB or rotation

Question 25

when intervertebral discs are in tact, how much axial load do facet joints typically carry? how about a degenerated disc?

Answer 25

20-25% of axial load up to 70% of axial load

Question 25

facet joints are what type

Answer 25

synovial -articular cartilage 1-2mm thick over the center; AVASCULAR AND ANEURAL motion: glide 5-8 mm increase and decrease with lumbar rotation

Question 26

what positions are facet joints tight in

Answer 26

ALL of them

Question 27

which 3 forces does the annulus fibrosis help transmit

Answer 27

compression shear torsion

Question 28

where in the annulus fibrosis is there a neurovascular supply? How about the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 28

AF = outer 1/3 NP = NONE

Question 29

another name for pars interarticularis

Answer 29

isthmus

Question 30

spondylolysis

Answer 30

fracture in pars (isthmus)

Question 31

spondylolisthesis

Answer 31

bilateral fractures of pars (isthmus) with vertebral displacement

Question 32

anterior longitudinal ligament resists....

Answer 32

EXTENSION (and lordosis)

Question 33

posterior longitudinal ligament resists....

Answer 33

flexion and traction

Question 34

ligament flavum resists...

Answer 34

flexion (strongest in lumbar)

Question 35

where is ligament flavum located

Answer 35

anterior surface of lamina + covers facet joints (faces the PLL on the opposite side of the SPs)

Question 36

interspinous ligaments resist...

Answer 36

hyperflexion (mostly in lumbar)

Question 37

supraspinous ligaments resist..

Answer 37

hyperflexion (thoracic and lumbar; not attached to L4/5)

Question 38

intertransverse ligament resists...

Answer 38

contralateral flexion

Question 39

5 parts of iliolumbar ligament

Answer 39

anterior posterior superior inferior vertical

Question 40

anterior band of iliolumbar ligament resists...

Answer 40

ipsi side bending anterior translation of L5

Question 41

superior band of iliolumbar ligament resists...

Answer 41

flexion

Question 42

inferior band of iliolumbar ligament resists...

Answer 42

hyperextension

Question 43

what ligament is responsible for resisting anterior translation of L5?

Answer 43

anterior iliolumbar ligament

Question 44

posterior band of iliolumbar ligament resists...

Answer 44

flexion

Question 45

3 main functions of thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 45

1. muscle attachment site 2. resisted segmental flexion 3. assists in transmitting extension during lifting

Question 46

activation of WHICH muscle increases thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 46

Transverse abdominis

Question 47

when the thoracolumbar fascia is tight, what movements of the vertebrae does it limit (2)

Answer 47

intersegmental movement anterior translation

Question 48

which erector spinae is most effective in side bending

Answer 48

iliocostalis

Question 49

functions of erector spinae

Answer 49

bi --> extends trunk (ant pelvic tilt too) uni --> ipsi side bend + ipsi rotation

Question 50

what muscle in the back is coined "the rotator cuff of the facet joint"

Answer 50

multifidus

Question 51

how many intervertebral junctions do the multifidi typically cross

Answer 51

2 (TP --> SP)

Question 52

which abdominal muscle is considered the synergist of the multifidi

Answer 52

transverse abdominis

Question 53

3 functions of QL

Answer 53

lumbar ext side bend hip hike

Question 54

what is the predominant hip flexor muscle

Answer 54

iliacus

Question 55

what is the weakest component of the intervertebral disc

Answer 55

end plate

Question 56

how much does disc pressure increase (with standing being 100%) when bending forward

Answer 56

150%

Question 57

how much does disc pressure increase (with standing being 100%) is lifting 20kgs with back bent and knees straight

Answer 57

169%

Question 58

how much does disc pressure decrease (with standing being 100%) when lying supine

Answer 58

25%

Question 59

normal lumbar extension ROM

Answer 59

30-50*

Question 60

normal lumbar flexion ROM

Answer 60

70-90*

Question 61

normal lumbar axial rotation ROM

Answer 61

20-40*

Question 62

normal lumbar side bending ROM

Answer 62

25-35*

Question 63

what is the main soft tissue structure that restricts flexion

Answer 63

joint capsule (39%)

Question 64

in extension, the vertebrae do a _____ rock + ______ translation (directions)

Answer 64

posterior posterior

Question 65

in flexion, the vertebrae do a _____ rock + ______ translation (directions)

Answer 65

anterior anterior

Question 66

what creates torsion of intervertebral discs in axial rotation

Answer 66

gapping of ipsilateral facet joint and compression of contralateral joint

Question 67

max segmental rotation is limited to ___ degrees. Why?

Answer 67

3* collagen can only elongate 4%

Question 68

3 structures that resist axial rotation

Answer 68

facet joints ligaments disc

Question 69

what happens when the lumbar spine rotates in flexion

Answer 69

annulus injury

Question 70

left side bending at L3/4 facet gliding

Answer 70

L L3 facet glides inf R L3 facet glides sup

Question 71

anterior column

Answer 71

vertebral bodies IVDs hydraulic and WB portion provides shock absorption

Question 72

posterior column

Answer 72

articular processes facet joints provides gliding mechanism for movement

Question 73

curves allow

Answer 73

increased flexibility shock absorbing capabilities

Question 74

purpose of vertebral column

Answer 74

stability allowing full mobility protect SC and axial neural tissues

Question 75

spinal segment consist of __ joints

Answer 75

anterior: 2 VB + IBD posterior: articulations b/w superior articular processes of inferior vertebra and inferior articular processes of superior vertebra