Week 3 Flashcards by Erin Nolan

Epidemiology

study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Distribution (4)

1) person characteristics

2) place (geography)

3) time (patterns)

4) population groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determinants (4)

1) SES (e.g. social, economic status)

2) biology (e.g. genetics)

3) behavioural RF (e.g. alcohol use)

4) environmental exposures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Application (4)

1) disease prevention

2) health promotion

3) policy development

4) clinical guidelines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Outcomes (4)

1) diseases or conditions

2) cause of death - mortality

3) health behaviours

4) QOL measures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disciplines within public health (5)

1) biostatistics

2) environmental health sciences

3) social and behavioural sciences

4) epidemiology

5) health policy and management

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biostatistics

mathematical foundation for analyzing health data and drawing valid conclusions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Environmental health sciences

assessment of environmental factors affecting human health and disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social and behavioural health sciences

understanding human behavior and social factors influencing health outcomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health policy & management

development and implementation of health policies and healthcare systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epidemiology (other definition)

core science studying disease patterns and determinants in populations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epidemiology purpose (5)

study course of disease (onset to resolution)

determine extent of disease in a population/health status

identify patterns and trends of disease

identify cause of disease

evaluate effectiveness of interventions or actions that prevent or mitigate and treat disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epidemiological triad components

host

agent

environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Host

things that make host more susceptible

demographics (e.g., age, sex, marital status)

comorbidities (e.g., chronic diseases)

immunity - previous exposures

previous disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Agent

pathogen (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi) replication rate

virulence

genetic diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Environment

physical (e.g., climate/weather, geography)

biological

social (e.g., neighborhood, housing)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epidemic definition

UNEXPECTED increase in the # of diseases cases beyond what would normally be expected in a specific population during a particular time period

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epidemic examples

flu season

common cold

measles

childhood obesity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endemic definition

CONSTANT presence or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

CONSISTENTLY present at baseline levels without external inputs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endemic examples

malaria

Lyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pandemic definition

epidemic that has spread across MULTIPLE COUNTRIES or CONTINENTS and affects a large number of people
highest level of disease outbreak, with exponential case growth rates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pandemic examples

COVID

Spanish flu

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proportion

division of 2 RELATED #s, where the numerators is part of the denominator

always expressed as a %, fraction, or decimal between 0 to 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ratio

measures relative magnitude between 2 UNRELATED quantities

division of 2 separate numbers that don’t share a common relationship

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rate

division that includes a TIME component, measuring speed of occurrence numerator: events denominator: person-at risk

Exposure is the a) dependent variable b) independent variable

b) independent variable

Disease or Health Outcomes is the a) dependent variable b) independent variable

a) dependent variable

Confounder

obscures associated between independent variable and dependent variable

2 main types of study designs

experimental observational*

Observational studies show a) causation b) associations

b) associations

Cross-sectional study

data collected on exposure and disease status at the SAME time one snapshot in time

Case-control study

enroll cases based on disease status, then enroll controls and match with cases (e.g. age, sex) then ask about past historical exposures in both cases and controls

Prospective cohort study

cohort (population) is defined - among those without the disease figure out exposures, then follow over time to see if they develop the disease or not

Retrospective cohort study

first - find a natural cohort from the past - e.g. nurses working nightshift data on the disease status is determined in the present then data collected on exposure from the past

Descriptive studies

looks at disease occurrence by person, place, time not statistical analyses

Measures of disease frequency (2)

incidence prevalence

Measures of association (3)

Risk difference Risk ratio Odds ratio

Prevalence definition

proportion of the population with existing cases of disease or condition over a specific time period

Prevalence formula

of EXISTING cases of a disease/ in a defined population at risk of getting a disease during a specified time-period

Influences on prevalence (2)

incidence cure/death

Cumulative incidence (proportion) definition

proportion of the population that develop NEW cases of disease or condition over a specific time period

Cumulative incidence (proportion) formula

new cases of disease/ in a defined population (at start of period) at risk of getting a disease during a specified time-period

T or F: In incidence, the people at risk of getting the diseases are included in the denominator

FALSE not included in the denominator

Measure of association used for cohort study

RR (relative risk)

RR formula

incidence in exposed incidence in unexposed

Measure of association used in case control studies

OR (odds ratio)

OR formula

odds that a case was exposed odds that a control was exposed

T or F: OR will not equal RR

TRUE unless the disease is rare (<10%)

Goal of the biomedical approach to health promotion

prevent disease and risk factors through early identification and intervention

Primary prevention

BEFORE problems occur

Examples of primary prevention activities (many)

immunization smoking regulations chlorination fluorination seatbelt and helmet use laws masking, hand hygiene, social distancing birth control, condom use exercise programs

Secondary prevention

EARLY detection and intervention asymptomatic when treatment can stop it from happening

Examples of secondary preventions activities (many)

mammograms pap smears prostate check screening for moles STI screening BP screening

Screening programs are part of which level of prevention

secondary prevention

2 key things about screening

asymptomatic not intended to be diagnostic

Fletcher’s 3 Criteria for a Clinical Prevention Approach

1) How great is the burden of suffering caused by the condition 2) How good is the screening test 3 - a) Primary and tertiary - how good is the therapeutic intervention 3 - b) Secondary prevention - if the condition is found, how good is the treatment

Sensitivity

ability to correctly identify individuals who have disease identify a true positive

High sensitivity would lead to few ______

false negatives

Specificity

ability to correctly identify individuals who do NOT have the disease identify a true negative

High specificity would lead to few ______

false positives

Week 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)