week 4

Question 1

what is the function of knee flexion occurs
from initial contact to loading response

Answer 1

shock absorption

Question 2

what is the function of knee extension that occurs at mid stance

Answer 2

Weight-bearing stability

Question 3

what is the function of knee flexion occurs
from initial-swing to mid-swing

Answer 3

Foot clearance for limb
advancement

Question 4

what is the function of knee extension occurs
from initial-swing to late-swing

Answer 4

Limb advancement in preparation for stance

Question 5

Primary deviations in the sagittal view

Answer 5

• Inadequate knee flexion/excessive
  knee extension
• Inadequate knee extension/excessive knee flexion

Question 6

primary Frontal plane deviations

Answer 6

• Varus/valgus deviations

Question 7

Limited knee flexion is

Answer 7

Knee is less flexed (more extended) in a given phase than is normally expected

Question 8

Limited knee flexion – Initial contact & Loading Response Impact of deviation

Answer 8

• Impairs weight acceptance and shock absorption required in early stance phase

Question 9

Limited knee flexion – early to mid-swing
Impact of deviation

Answer 9

• Impairs swing limb advancement

Question 10

Limited knee flexion
Secondary deviations
at early swing
and how this is corrected

Answer 10

limited knee flexion lengthens limb, resulting in toe drag
Increased ankle DF, contralateral vaulting or hip hike then required for limb clearance

Question 11

Excessive Knee Extension/hyperextension at mid-stance
Impact of deviation

Answer 11

• Impairs single limb support & weight-bearing stability
• Delays forward progression during stance

Question 12

Excessive Knee Extension
Secondary deviations

Answer 12

In stance phase, results in forward trunk lean, decreased time in stance phase, shorter contralateral step length

Question 13

Excessive Knee Flexion is

Answer 13

• Knee is more flexed in a given phase than is normally expected

Question 14

Excessive Knee Flexion – Initial contact & Loading response
Impact of deviation

Answer 14

• Impairs weight acceptance and shock absorption required in early stance phase

Question 15

Excessive Knee Flexion – Mid-stance
Impact of deviation

Answer 15

• Impairs single limb support & weight-bearing stability

Question 15

Excessive Knee Flexion – late swing
Impact of deviation

Answer 15

• Impairs swing limb advancement

Question 16

Excessive Knee Flexion
Secondary deviations
and how to correct

Answer 16

Excessive knee flexion at IC can result in foot flat contact
Excess knee flexion at late swing shortens step length
can result in excessive DF at ankle joint

Question 17

Excessive Knee Abduction (valgus)
Impact of deviation

Answer 17

• May limit stability during stance phase
• Result in proximal or distal compensations &
  contribute to pain

Question 18

Excessive Knee Abduction (Valgus) is

Answer 18

• Excessive lateral deviation of the distal tibia

Question 19

Excessive Knee Adduction (Varus) is

Answer 19

• Excessive medial deviation of the distal tibia

Question 20

Excessive Knee Adduction
Impact of deviation

Answer 20

• May limit stability during stance phase
• Result in proximal or distal compensations &
  contribute to pain

Question 21

variables that influence Motor Skill Learning

Answer 21

• Motivation
• Attention
• Goal setting/Relevance of tasks
• Instruction
• Feedback
• Manual guidance
• Environment / task set-up
• Practice

Question 22

Normal Pelvic Motion

Answer 22

– anterior tilt (symphysis down) or posterior tilt (symphysis up)
– lateral tilt (pelvic drop)
– rotation (forward/backward)

Question 23

Function of the Hip in Gait: Stance

Answer 23

Weight bearing stability

Question 24

Function of the Hip in Gait: Swing

Answer 24

Limb advancement

Question 25

Excessive Hip Flexion is

Answer 25

Hip is flexed more than it normally should be for a given phase

Question 26

Excessive Hip Flexion Impact of deviation Stance Phase (Initial contact to pre-swing

Answer 26

* Impairs the transfer of body weight onto the stance limb & forward progression * Weight bearing stability is compromised

Question 27

Excessive Hip Flexion Secondary deviations

Answer 27

– forward trunk lean – increased knee flexion – increased anterior pelvic tilt – increased lumbar lordosis * Reduces time spent in stance * Shortens the step length of contralateral limb

Question 28

Inadequate Hip Flexion is

Answer 28

Less than normal hip flexion for a given phase

Question 29

Inadequate Hip Flexion Impact of deviation during swing phase

Answer 29

Impairs forward progression of limb, shortens step length & may disrupt foot clearance

Question 30

Inadequate Hip Flexion Secondary deviations

Answer 30

– posterior pelvic tilt & using the abdominals – circumduction – combining pelvic hiking & forward rotation of pelvis with abduction of hip – excessive knee flexion – contralateral vaulting (coming up on toes) – lateral lean of trunk to opposite side

Question 31

Excessive Hip Adduction Impact of deviation in stance

Answer 31

– Weak hip abductors allow excessive contralateral drop of pelvis - increases hip adduction during FF to MS – Impairs weight bearing stability of stance limb

Question 32

Excessive Hip Adduction Impact of deviation * In Swing

Answer 32

– Substitution by hip adductors compensating for weak hip flexors can cause hip adduction – scissor gait – Results in narrow base of support – Impairs limb advancement

Question 33

Excessive Hip Adduction Impact of deviation * Throughout Gait Cycle

Answer 33

– Contractures in ipsilateral adductors & contralateral abductors result in altered pelvic position – continuous deviation throughout GC – Adductor contracture usually associated with IR & flexion

Question 34

Excessive Hip Adduction Secondary deviations

Answer 34

With hip abductor weakness, may compensate by ipsilateral trunk lean

Question 35

Excessive Hip Abduction Impact of deviation frontal plane

Answer 35

* Widens base of support * Assists foot clearance in swing – may be used with trunk lean to help clear foot * Usually seen as an compensation for lack of adequate hip flexion – eg. circumduction

Question 36

Excessive Hip IR Impact of deviation transverse plane

Answer 36

* Loading limb with inadequate gluteal support allows femur to IR & adduct * Affects weight bearing stability during stance

Question 37

Excessive Hip ER- think lower down in the chain Impact of deviation

Answer 37

* Results in limb being in toe-out position * Provides a widened base of support * Assists with foot clearance during swing * Increases stress on ligaments of hip & knee in stance

Question 38

Backward Trunk Lean is

Answer 38

* Shoulder girdle posterior to pelvic girdle

Question 39

Backward Trunk Lean Could be a compensation for

Answer 39

– rigid hip flexion contracture – weak hip flexors in swing

Question 40

Forward Trunk Lean is

Answer 40

Shoulder girdle anterior to pelvic girdle

Question 41

Forward Trunk Lean Could be a compensation for

Answer 41

– excessive ankle PF/contracture – quadriceps weakness – hip extensor weakness – rigid hip flexion contracture

Question 42

Ipsilateral Trunk Lean is

Answer 42

Movement of trunk to ipsilateral/reference limb

Question 43

Ipsilateral Trunk Lean is Most commonly seen as compensation for

Answer 43

weak hip abductors in stance

Question 44

Contralateral Trunk Lean is

Answer 44

Movement of trunk to opposite limb

Question 45

Contralateral Trunk Lean Compensation for

Answer 45

limited swing phase hip/knee flexion or ankle DF