1
Q
Field Theory
A
- Kurt Lewin
- Social Theory 1950s applied concepts from physics to psych
Importance of: - Concepts of force, tension, constraint and context
- Experimental methods - Wood & Kroger 1998
2
Q
Discourses
A
- Textual writings that are connected by writing or speech
- Concerned with the role of languag
- Epistemology of Social Constructionisom
3
Q
Discourses
A
- Textual writings that are connected by writing or speech
- Concerned with the role of languag
- Epistemology of Social Constructionisom
4
Q
Focauldian Discourse Analysis
A
- A form of Social Constructionism
- Michel Foucault - 1926-1984
- Language is used to shape knowledge and power
- Historian that sought to challenge wasy of knowing
- Seek to find what worked in the past
5
Q
Foucault - Knowledge & Power
A
- Power is all encompassing reality
- We are all trapped there and participate
- Studied punishment practices of our legal system
- Corporal punishment replaced by new forms of sanitised punishment
6
Q
Foucault - New forms of Punishment
A
- Centralised Surveillance
- Self Surveillance
- Decentralised Surveillance
7
Q
Panopticon
A
- A Central observation tower placed within a circle of prison cells.
- Every cell can be seen
- Inmates never know whether if they are being watched.
- Induce a state of conscous visibility that causes inmates to behave
8
Q
Knowledge & Power Panopticon
A
- Knowledge is put to work via discourse
- Patriarchy results in men controlling female narrative
- Discourse becomes second nature - Common Sense
- People then self regulate behaviour based on narrative
e.g. Womxn narrative
9
Q
Foucauldian Discourse - Subject Position
A
- The Speaker as the Subject
- Who or what is spoken about is the object
- Replaces the idea of a Coherent Subject like the ‘Self’ existing before discourse
- Notion of stable, fixed unchangeable subject like Identity is challenged
10
Q
Positioning
A
- Central to Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
- In medicine those who are sick are the subject and are passive
- In 19th century homosexuality was constructed as sick, illegal and needing punishment
- When Position is deconstructed our understanding of sexual orientation changes.
11
Q
Critical Methodology
A
- Used terms like Archaeology (History of Madness) & Genealogy (Discipline and Punish)
- Captured Criticial Methodology this way
12
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology
A
- Reversal
- Marginality
- Discontinuity
- Materiality
- Specificity
13
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology
A
- Reversal
- Marginality
- Discontinuity
- Materiality
- Specificity
14
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Reversal
A
- Take a standards historical perspective
- Overturn it as a way of refuting it
- Requires critical unpacking
e.g Australia Day vs Invasion Day
15
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Marginality
A
- Examine aspects of culture and history that have been excluded
- Foucault was interested in morality - Difference between religion and morality
e.g. The notion of what is normal
16
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Discontinuity
A
- Looking for gaps, breaks and catastrophes
- Not just focus on a lineary human progress
- Look at significant moments in time
- Critique moments of progress that caused disruption
e.g. COVID
17
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Materiality
A
- Look at concrete practices instead of belief systems and ideologies
- Purity Balls - Father as the boyfriend
18
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Specificity
A
- Focus on single instances
- Illuminate larger points and claims
- Idiographic
- Small Data Sets
19
Q
Henriques 1984 - Changing the Subject: Psychology, social regulation and subjectivity
A
- Critical Reflection with post structuralus theory perspective
- Examines the role in constructing objects and subjects they claim to explain
20
Q
Epistemological Framework - Foucault
A
- Role of Language in social life
- What kinds of objects and subjects are constructed through discourse
- What ways of being does discourse make available
- Words have power to drive our conduct
- What is appropriate according to the language rulebook?
21
Q
Epistemology - Discursive Resources
A
- Ways to construct Subjectivity, Selfhood and Power Relations
- This makes Foucauldian Discourse different from Discoursive Analysis
- FDA is Critical Social Constructionism
22
Q
FDA Questions of Power
A
- What is Knowledge?
- How did it arise?
- Whose interests are served by this knowledge?
- Whose interests does the knowledge oppress?
e.g. terms Victim vs Survivor position the Object differently in the dialogue
* Terms impact our social reality in different ways.
23
Q
Dallos Dallos 1997
A
- Discourses are Shared Assumptions about how the world works
- Assumptions are taken for granted
- Used to negotiated Power Relations - Reproduction/Resistance
- Statements must have been spoken at some stage
- Therefore Discourse involves language
24
Q
Dominant Discourses
A
- Discourse creates expectations and consequently influences behaviour
- Implicated in excerise of power and domination
e.g. Neoliberal Discourse
affords privelage to sections of society that sanction the discourse
25
Regimes of Truth
* Some discourse become so embedded in culture it is difficult to change them
e.g. biological issues of Gender identity and Gendered society
26
Rules of Right
* Whoever holds the right to act holds the power
* Traditionally Religion, Sovereignty, Governemnt
* Then Colonial Powers like - Whiteness, patriarchy, medicine and law
* Knowledge is produced by those with the **Right to Act**
* This then becomes truth
* Foucault says **Power Produces Reality**
27
Changing Discourses
* Discourses are not stable or predetermined entities
* Exist in action, comversation and institutional practice
* **Evolve**, Disapear and are Contested
* **Counter Discourse** can and do emerg
28
Discourses Within Groups
* Can appear to cross race, age, gender class
* Similar assumptions are simultaneously held by people with similar backgrounds
* In this way assumptions are maintained and difficult to challenge
| 24:00mins
29
Dominant Assumptions
* Dominant discourse create the idea of 'Truth'
* Constructs our understanding of self - Our ideas about race, gender, ethnicity
* Influences our interactions with others
30
None of us are Free From the Effects of Discourse
* Foucault said - There is nothing outside discourse
* Nobody is free from this - we are all trapped
* We deconstruct truth by critiquing and challenging discourses
31
Types of Text & Methods
Speech, writing, non-verbal behaviour, braille, Morse Code, cartoons and comics, runes, tattoos, tarot cards, advertisements, fashion systems, stained glass, architecture
32
Analytic Strategies - Parker 1992
* Selection of text for analysis - Step 1&2
* Identification of objects and subjects constructed Step 3-12
* Examination of ways in which discourse structures texts that reproduce power relation - Step 13-20
33
Seven Stage Process of FDA -
1. Objects
2. Discursive Constructions
3. Discourses
4. Action Orientation
5. Positionings
6. Practice Subjectivity
Subjectivity is the psychological key to FDA
34
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Object
* Identify the Object
* What is the Object
35
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Discursive Constructions
* How is the object constructed in language?
* How is it spoken about?
36
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Discourses
* What Taken for Granted Assumptions are drawn on?
* What is their relationship to one another
37
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Action Orientation
* What do the constructions achieve?
* What is gained from deploying them here?
* What are their functions?
38
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Positionings
What Subject Positionings are made available by these constructs?
39
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Practice
* What possibilities for action are mapped out by these constructions?
* What can be said and done from within these subject positions?
40
Seven Stage Process of FDA - Subjectivity
* What can be felt, thought or experienced from the subject positions
41
Andrea Watson - Story Completion Task
* Used a situation that was meaningful to her group - Going all the Way
* Said "going all the way" occured in a variety of different ways
* Used gender ambiguous names and allowed participants to gender them
* Generated stories about Drew and Alex
42
Step 1: Objects
1. Identify Objects
2. Which object to focus on depends on the subject
e.g. "going all the way" Object not sex - taken for gtranted
Object is read from the stem of story
43
2 - Discursive Constructions
* Examine the ways the object is constructed
* What are all the ways the object is spoken about in the text
1. highlight all references to the object
2. group constructions of the object that share meaning
3. read all datat for familiarisation
4. identify initial codes
5. Group codes together in clustered thermes based on underlying meaning
44
Step 3 Discourses
* Identify all contributing text that construct object
* Focus on differences between constructions
* Objects can often be constructed in different ways
* Locate discursive constructions within wider discourse
45
Step 4 Action Orientation
* Examine the contexts within which the different constructions of the object are being deployed.
Questions:
* What is gained from constructing this object in this way at this point in the text?
* What subject positions are made available in the discourses?
* How does it relate to other constructions in the surrounding text?
46
Step 5 Positionings
* Positioning refers to subject positions within discourse (Brunton et al., 2014).
* Taking up discourses both enables and constrains particular ways of being (Brunton et al., 2014).
* In this step, we examine the **subject positions** that discourses around the object offer
47
Subject Positions
* Do not dictate which part should be acted out
* Always have direct implications for subjectivity
e.g. roles which are played without what you conceive yourself to be (subjective identification)
48
Step 6 Practice
* asks what is relationship between discourse and practice
* How do constructions and discoursive positions **open up or close down** for possible action
* What ways do discourses **limit what can be said and done**?
49
Step 7 Subjectivity
* Discourses make certain ways of seeing & being in the world more available
* They construct social and psychological realities.
* What are consequences of taking up a subject positions?
* What can be felt and what is allowed/disallowed emotionally?
* Can be difficult to determine if using selective data i.e, data from media scripts or found texts.
* Easier to identify if you are working with texts based on talk (e.g., interviews or focus groups).
50
Definition of Discourse
* Discourse is Talking
* In FDA means more than that
* Shared, taken for granted assumptions about the world
* Used in negotiation of power relations - Reproduction/Resistance
* Must have been spoken somewhere by someone
* By definition involves language
51
Foucauldian Discoure Analysis - Questions Power
Key Questions
1. What is knowledge?
2. How did it arise?
3. Whose interests are served by this knowledge?
4. Whoes interests does the knowledge serve
52
FDA Stages based on Wilig 2013
1. Identify the object
2. Discursive Constructions
3. Discourses
4. Action Orientation
5. Positionings
6. Practice
7. Subjectivity
53
FDA Step 1 The Object
The object = going all the way
54
Step 2: Discursive constructions
Look at the type of object is being constructed.
Questions:
1. How is the object (going all the way) constructed through language?
2. That is, how is the object (going all the way) spoken about?
55
FDA Step 3: Discourses
Identify the discursive understandings that participants are drawing on their texts.
Questions:
1. What taken for granted assumptions are drawn on?
2. What assumptions or taken for granted understanding does speaking make about the object?
56
FDA Step 4: Action orientation
Examine the contexts within which the construction of the object is being deployed.
Questions:
1. What is gained from constructing the object in this particular way at this particular point within the text?
2. What is its function and how does it relate to other constructions in the surrounding text?
57
FDA Step 5: Positionings
* Examine the **subject positions** around the object
* Discourses **construct subjects** and make positions available within networks of meaning
However, subject positions are **not** roles:
1. Do not prescribe a particular part to be acted out
2. Offer locations from which to speak and act
3. Always has direct implications for subjectivity
58
FDA Step 5: Positionings
Questions:
1. Who gets to speak within each discourse?
2. Who gets spoken about?
3. And from what position?
Kind of like a standpoint but there can be many standpoints from difference positions
59
FDA Step 6: Practice
1. What is the relationship between discourse and practice?
2. How do discursive constructions and the subject positions open up or close down possibilities for action?
3. By constructing particular visions of the world discourses limit what can be said and done.
60
FDA Step 6: Practice - Questions
Questions:
1. What possibilities for action are mapped out by these constructions?
2. What can be said and done from within these subject positions?
3. What can the initiator do and say?
4. What is the reaction of the person who receives the action?
61
FDA Step 7
* Discourses make certain ways of seeing and being the world and certain ways of being in the world available
* They construct social and psychological realities.
Questions:
1. What are the consequences of taking up various subject positions for the lived & subjective experience?
2. What can be felt, thought and experienced?
Here, look for feeling words, experiential words, or action words or phrases in the text (e.g., think, know, for example).
PSYC3102 - HSA3
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