1
Q
What is Narrative
A
- Lies at the heart of being human
- We are story telling animals
- Way we make sense of and create order of chaos in the world
- Expression of self through story telling
- Stories help us heal
2
Q
Narrative Approach
A
- Dan P Adams 1993 - Stories we live by
- Influenced by Silvan S Tomkins
- Concerned with how stories shape personality
3
Q
What does Narrative Do?
A
- The way we define ourselves
- Establish Temporal Continuity
- Distinguish ourselves from others
4
Q
Temporal Continuity
A
When we are key characters in our narratives
We present a version of ourselves
Past, Present & Future
5
Q
Narrative Interpretation
A
- An organised interpretation of a sequence of events
- Atrributing agency to characters
- Establish causal links between events
6
Q
Three Components of Narrative
A
McAdams sees time as linear; from a western perspective
1. Beginning
2. Middle
3. End
7
Q
Narrative has Two Functions
A
- Emplotment
- Creation of self-identity
8
Q
Emplotment
A
- Attempt to bring order to disorder
- Organise a sequence of events into a linear plot
- Disorder is a challenge to our daily life
- Narratives are provisional
- Subject to change as new information is discovered
9
Q
Creation of Identity
A
- We tell stories about our lives
- This creates a narrative identity
- This establishes Localised Coherence
- Stability across different contexts
10
Q
Narrative Identity
A
- We begin construction in adolescence and continues through life
- Internalised, evolving and integrative
- Reflects our struggle to reconcile self image in context of life
11
Q
Narrative Identity to Establish Coherence
A
- address particular problems we encounter
- specific points in the life course
- have a social dimension
12
Q
Narrative and Life Issues
A
- Helps us make sense of specific issues in life
- Young adults may use their stories to attract partners and intimacy
- Parents try to instruct children in ways of the world
- Midlife adults construct stories that support generativity (Erikson)
13
Q
Social Dimensions of Narratives
A
- Narrative Accounts are shaped by social context
- Narrator frames the story
- Story depends on the audience and broader social context
- Groups as have narratives that shape identity - Jewish Diaspora
14
Q
Master Narratives
A
- Blueprints for people to follow when constructing their lives
- Become embedded in culture
e.g. go to school, graduate, find work, marraige and children - Gives us a sense of the arc of life
15
Q
Problems of Master Narrative
A
- Stigmatise those who don’t adhere to them
- Give unrealistic expectations of happiness
- Change with cultural and historical shifts
16
Q
Two Culturally Dominant Master Narratives
A
Contemporary Western Ideas
1. Redemption Story
2. Contamination Story
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17
Q
The Redemption Story
A
- Start of Bad and end Better
- Some early blessing helps with later suffering
- Gain insight or strength
- Leads to positive outcome
- Associated with greater well-being
- Positive seed in a negative experience
18
Q
Redemptive Stories - McAdams
A
- Adults who show high generativity had identities with redemption narratives
- American culture holds metaphors that run through history and heritage - think Oprah
- Americans seem especially drawn to Redemption Narratives
19
Q
Four Canonical Redemptive Stories
A
- Atonement
- Upward Socially Mobile
- Liveration
- Recovery
20
Q
Narrative Arc - Atonement
A
- Moves from sin to salvation
- Massachusetts Bay Puritans who came to New World in 17th century
21
Q
Narrative Arc - Upward Socially Mobile
A
- Rags to riches stories
- The underdog story
- Canonised as The American Dream
22
Q
Narrative Arc - Liberation
A
- Historically animated social movements
e.g. civil rights, women’s rights, LGBTQI+ rights
23
Q
Narrative Arc - Recovery
A
- Look back to a Golden Age or Paradise Lost that beckons to be refound
- Stories of recovery from illness, addiction, abuse
Again Oprah
24
Q
The Contamination Story
A
- Start off positively and end badly
- The good becomes contaminated, ruined, spoiled
- Contamination sequences overwhelm or pollute pre-existing positivity
e.g. Ned Stark in Game of Thrones
25
Contamination Themes in Real Life
* Tend to be connected with poor mental health
* Lodi-Smith et al., 2009
26
2 Superordinate Narrative Themes
Mostly relevant in the Western World
1. Agency - Power
2. Communion - Love
27
Personal Agency
* Ability to influence the course of your life
* Not allowing external forces to brign you down
* Prized in individualist cultures
* The 'fighter' is a common protagonist - goes to battle in a struggle for vitality
* linked with positive mental health
* Thought that it is beneficial over physical illness - Adler et al., 2015
28
Locus of Control
* You are the master of your own destiny
* Your ability to hold agency over your life
* Degree to which one believes that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives.
29
Communion
* Drive for connection with others - Adler et al 2015
* Prized on collectivist cultures
* Often found in stories of physical health
* Focus on social connections to regain vitality
* Linked to positive mental health
30
Narrative Analysis - Epistomology
* Contextualist Epistomology
* Combines Critical-Realist and Social Constructionist
* Apply data to pre-exisitng themes or codes
* Not accept themes arising from the data
* Existing codes could assist testing a hypothesis
* Exposes language used in stories
* Focus on how themes and metaphors shape understanding of phenomena
31
Collecting Narratives
* Primary method of this research is Unstructured Interview
* Simmilar to IPA tries to be Idiographic over Nomothetic
* Creates detailed account of an experience
32
Two Types of Narrative Interview
1. Narrative Interview - Particular experience
2. Episodic Experience - Particular disruptive event
32
Two Types of Narrative Interview
1. Narrative Interview - Particular experience
2. Episodic Experience - Particular disruptive event
33
Other Ways to Collect Narratives
* Focus Groups
* Personal Journal
* Video or photo collage e.g. Instagram
34
Information to Collect for Narrative Analysis
* Detailed Biographical Information about participants
* Background about central participants in their lives
* Detailed log of each interview
* Log is part of the data but also used to demonstrate Reflexivity
e.g. Think structure of program Alone
35
Analysis in Narrative Approaches: Step 1
* Descriptive Reading - Similar to empathic summary in IPA
* Prepare short descriptive summary with beginning, middle and end
* Identify sub-plots in narrative
* Establish the connections between sub plots
36
Analysis in Narrative Approaches: Step 2
Interpretive Reading considers 5 Issues:
1. Structure
2. Tone
3. Dominant Themes
4. Context
5. Language
37
Step 2: Structure and Tone
1. Regressive Telling - Pessimistic
2. Progressive Telling - Optimistic
3. Stable Telling - Neutral, Objective, List of events
Note Epiphany Points that redirect narrative - e.g. Frozen
38
Dominant Themes
* Underlie Major Beliefs and Values
* Coded for the prescence or absence of 4 Key Themes
* Uses Coding guide - Redemption, contamination agency & Communion
* Breaks down into sub-themes with examples
39
5 Sub Themes of Redemption
1. Sacrifice
2. Recovery
3. Growth
4. Learning
5. Improvement
40
Redemption Subthemes - Sacrifice
The protagonist wilfully accepts or endures an extremely negative A in order to provide B.
41
Redemption Subthemes - Recovery
* The protagonist successfully obtains a positive state after losing it
* Could be in healing, survival, regaining, recuperating.
42
Redemption Subthemes - Growth
* Negative experience leads to interpersonal growth
* Also fulfillment, actualization, strengthening, individuation.
43
Redemption Subthemes - Learning
A protagonist gains new knowledge, wisdom, skills, etc. from a negative event.
44
Redemption Subthemes - Improvement
* Something of catch all if subthemes doesn't fit above
* In a bad situation has negative outcomes
* In a good situation has good outcomes
45
Sub Themes of Contamination
1. Victimisation
2. Betrayal
3. Loss
4. Failure
5. Physcal or Psychological illness
6. Disappointment
7. Disillusionment
8. Sex
46
Contamination Sub Themes: Victimisation
Physical or verbal abuse, theft.
47
Contamination Sub Themes: Betrayal
Affairs, Telling Secrets
48
Contamination Sub Themes: Loss
* Significant others, job, money, property, self-respect, respect for another.
49
Contamination Sub Themes: Failure
In school, sports, job, courtship.
50
Contamination Sub Themes: Physical/Mental Injury
* Experience of symptoms
* Process of (mis)diagnoses
* Unsuccessful treatment/intervention
51
Contamination Sub Themes: Disappointment
Things do not turn out as expected, things go wrong.
52
Contamination Sub Themes: Disillusionment
* Correction of a positive misperception
* Role model betrays own teachings.
53
Contamination Sub Themes: Sex
Enjoyment turns to guilt, humiliation.
54
Sub themes of Agency
* Self Mastery
* Status/Victory
* Achievement/Responsibility
* Empowerment
55
Sub themes of Agency: Self-Mastery
The protagonist strives successfully to master, control, enlarge, or perfect the self.
56
Sub themes of Agency: Status/Victory
* Attains a heightened status or prestige
* Receives special recognition or honour through winning a contest or competition.
57
Sub themes of Agency: Acheivement/Responsibility
* Substantial success in the achievement of tasks
* Assumption of important responsibilities.
* This is winning the war - not the battles
58
Sub themes of Agency: Empowerment
* Protagonist is enlarged, enhanced, empowered, through their association with someone or something larger and more powerful than the self.
59
Sub Themes of Communion
* Love & Friendship
* Dialogue
* Caring/Help
* Unity/Togetherness
60
Sub Themes of Communion: Love & Friendship
* Protagonist receives erotic love or friendship
* Friendship Refers primarily between peers and platonic
* Love as i romantic or erotic partners
* Exludes Child/Parent love
61
Sub Themes of Communion: Dialogue
* Reciprocal and non-instrumental communication with another person or group
62
Sub Themes of Communion: Caring/Help
* Protagonist provides care, assistance, help or aid for another
* Could be physical, material or social
63
Sub Themes of Communion: Unity/Togetherness
* Captures communal idea of being part of a community
* Protagonist experiences a sense of oneness with a group of people or even human kind
64
Context
* Personal Context - Experience of the individual
* Societal Context - Broader Social Narrative; Sturcture everyday accounts
e.g. Being an outsider
65
Language - Metaphors
* Lakoff & Johnson 1980
* Metaphors are understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another
* Used to frame experiences
* Reveal how we conceptualise the world
* Imagery is equally powerful as a narrative tool
* Useful in Propoganda
66
Quality in Qualitative Research
* Some say Reliability & Validity innapropriate in Qual research
* Prefer the term trustworthiness - Braun & Clarke 2013
Criteria exist base on
1. Methodology - Yardley's (2000) criteria for IPA
2. Ontological Position - Madiull et al., 2000
3. Trustiworthiness Concerns - Guba & Lincoln., 1982
67
Big Tent Criteria
* Criteria for excellent Qual Research
* Tracy 2020
1. Worthy topic
2. Rich rigor
3. Sincerity
4. Credibility
5. Resonance
6. Significant contribution
7. Ethical
8. Meaningful coherence
68
A Worthy Topic
The topic of the research is
* Relevant
* Timely
* Significant
* Interesting
69
Rich Rigour
The study uses sufficient, abundant, appropriate, and complex:
* theoretical constructs
* data and time in the field
* sample(s)
* context (s)
* data collection and analysis process
70
Sincerity
The study is characterised by:
* Self-reflexivity about values, biases, and inclinations of the researcher(s)
* Transparency about the methods and challenges
Can be demonstrated:
* First person pronouns (“I”)
* Reflexive statement
* Audit trail (look for a link to marked up transcripts, reflexive journal, memos)
* Acknowledgements section
71
Credibility
* Is the research plausible and persuasive?
The research is marked by:
* Thick description, concrete detail,
* explication of tacit (nontextual) knowledge
* Showing rather than telling
* Triangulation (realist) or crystallization (relativist)
* Multivocality (use of multiple and varied voices in analysis)
* Member reflections: ““taking findings back to the field
* Determining whether the participants recognize them as true or accurate” (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002)
72
Resonance
* Affects readers through empahtectic validity
* Aesthetic, evocative presentation
* Should be moving - at minimum should be clear and comprehendible
73
Naturalistic Generalisations/Transferable Findings
* Generalisability not a goal
* Should have flexible transferability
* This is decided by the reader based on thick description
* Decide context & group is similar enough to constitute a safe transfer
74
Significant Contribution
The research provides a significant contribution
* conceptually/theoretically
* practically
* morally
* methodologically
* heuristically
Questions to ask: “Does the study extend knowledge?”; “Improve practice?”; “Generate
75
Ethical
The research considers:
* procedural ethics (such as human subjects)
* situational and culturally specific ethics
* relational ethics
* exiting ethics (leaving the scene and sharing the research)
76
Meaningful Coherence
The study:
* achieves what it purports to be about
* uses methods and procedures that fit its stated goals
* meaningfully interconnects literature, research questions/foci, findings, and interpretations with each other
77
Impact of Colonisation
Indigenous people who are alive today have experienced significant trauma
* Exposed to violence
* Dispossed of Land
* Forcible removl of children
* Not allowed in public area s
* Curfew
* Denied education and medicine
* Forced labour and government appropriation of their earnings
78
Legacy of Colonisation
* Amplified by oppressive government policy
* creates intergeneral trauma
* perpetuates negative stereotypes
79
Health & Wellbeing
* Attributions comprise beliefs we have about causes of disease and wellbeing
* Reflected in two key models of hHeallth
1. Biomedical Health
2. Biopsychosocial Model of Health
80
Indigenous Concepts of Health & Wellbeing
Includes the Following Components
* Physical Wellbeing
* Social Wellbeing
* Emotional Wellbeing
* Mental Wellbeing
* Environmental Wellbeing
* Cultural Wellbeing
* Spiritual Wellbeing
81
Conducting Culturally Safe Research
1. value diversity
2. conduct self-assessment
3. manage the dynamics of difference
4. acquire and institutionalise cultural knowledge
5. adapt to diversity and the cultural context of communities you serve
PSYC3102 - HSA3
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