What are the two main types of learning in Chiva (2010)?
Adaptive learning and generative learning.
What is adaptive learning according to Chiva (2010)?
The improvement of existing knowledge or the “explicate order” through self-organization, logical reasoning, and discussion.
What is generative learning according to Chiva (2010)?
The search for deeper, holistic understanding—the “implicate order”—through self-transcendence, intuition, attention, dialogue, and inquiry.
Why is generative learning crucial in organizations?
It enables radical innovation, while most current models mainly support adaptive (incremental) learning.
How does Chiva (2010) link learning and organizing?
The article integrates both into a unified model, emphasizing that learning and organizing are interconnected processes.
What is the explicate order?
The visible, manifested world of knowledge, rules, and structures—what organizations typically work within.
What is the implicate order?
A deeper, interconnected reality from which the explicate order emerges—associated with creativity and transformation.
What is single-loop learning?
Error correction within existing rules
What is double-loop learning?
Re-examining and changing the rules themselves
Give an example of single-loop learning.
A sales team increases the number of client calls to improve results without questioning the overall sales strategy.
Give an example of double-loop learning.
A sales team questions its target market, business model, or goals, redesigning its approach entirely.
According to Weick (2025) and McDaniel (2007), what is sense-making?
A continuous process where people interpret ambiguous cues and adjust their understanding to act effectively amid change.
What does learning by doing mean in complex environments?
Learning occurs through iterative cycles of action, reflection, and adaptation rather than fixed plans—shifting from “plan → act → learn” to “act → learn → adapt.”
What role do networks play in organizational learning?
Tight internal couplings provide stability, while loose external couplings promote innovation and knowledge exchange.
What is improvisation in organizational learning?
Acting intuitively and creatively—like a jazz band—responding spontaneously yet coherently to uncertainty.
How does learning occur in complex systems, according to Weick and McDaniel?
Through sense-making, experimentation, connection, and improvisation, rather than control and prediction.
How do Chiva (2010) and Weick (2005) connect to complexity theory?
Both emphasize that learning is emergent, adaptive, and relational—rooted in interaction, not fixed plans.
