Y2 nomenclature & isomerism

Question 1

carboxylate salts

Answer 1

Question 2

Acyl chlorides

Answer 2

Question 3

Acid anhydrides

Answer 3

Question 4

amides

Answer 4

Question 5

esters

Answer 5

Question 6

n substituted amides

Answer 6

Question 7

naming primary, secondary & tertiary amines

Answer 7

Question 8

alkyl ammonium salt

Answer 8

Question 9

Optical Isomers

Answer 9

Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism, they have the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space.
For a compound to show optical isomerism it must have a carbon atom with 4 different atoms or groups attached to it. This carbon atom is said to be chiral / asymmetric.

Question 10

Enantiomers

Answer 10

A chiral molecule has 4 different groups attached
to a carbon atom. We can arrange these groups in
2 different ways which forms 2 different
molecules. We call these enantiomers. They are non superimposible mirror images of each other

Question 11

Difference in physical & chemical properties of optical isomers

Answer 11

most physical & chemical properties of optical isomers are identical (except for rotation of plane polarised light & reactions with other chiral molecules)

Question 12

effect of different optical isomers on plane polarised light D,+ / L,-

Answer 12

different optical isomers rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions

D / (+) isomer rotates plane polarised light clockwise - right
L / (-) isomer rotates plane polarised light anticlockwise - left

Question 13

Racemic mixture

Answer 13

When we have an equal amount of each enantiomer we have a racemic mixture. Racemates do not rotate plane polarised light. The 2 enantiomers rotate light in opposite directions and they cancel out. A racemic mixture of a chiral product is often made by reacting achiral substances together.

Question 14

Formation of racemic mixtures in reaction example

Answer 14