1

Question 1

Episemology

Answer 1

How we know

Question 2

Ontology

Answer 2

What exists

Question 3

Logical empirism (rudolf carnap)

Answer 3

By vienna circle

Empirical observation + logical inference

Principle of verification: scientifc kneldg can be verified as true

Question 4

Critical rationalism

Answer 4

By Sir karl popper

Scientific claims are provisionally true

Question 5

Principle of falsification

Answer 5

Scientific knowledge is true until falsified

Question 6

Science as an institution

Answer 6

By robert merton

Knowledge production is influenced by institutional conditions

Enabling falsification to supp scientifc progress

Question 7

Notmative structure of science

Answer 7

Shared norms and values that bund scientists and shape how science is done

Question 8

Four institutional imperative

Answer 8

Commun(al)ism
Universalism
Disinterestedness
Organised scepticism

Question 9

Commun(al)ism

Answer 9

Sctfc kndlg is commn prop

Question 10

Universalism

Answer 10

Sctfc claims judged by universal crit not by status, nationality

Question 11

Disinterestedness

Answer 11

Sctsts act for the common sctf enterprise, not personal gain

Question 12

Organised scepticism

Answer 12

Suspend judgmnt until claims meet logical standards

Question 13

Historicism (ludwik fleck & thomas kuhn)

Answer 13

What counts as truth within sctfc practices is embedded in particular social and historical circmstcs

Question 14

Historicism: Sctfc knowledge is historically_

Answer 14

Contingent (changes over time)

Question 15

Historicism: Harmony of illusions

Answer 15

Closed system of opinions within thot collective hold tgt even when there are contradictions

Question 16

Discourse (michel foucault)

Answer 16

Produce in its epoch things which it speaks

Eg

Madness = psychiatry
Population = statistics

Question 17

Discourse cause

Answer 17

Conditions for what counts as true and what doesnt

What can be said and what not

Question 18

Knowledge produce power

Answer 18

Eg
Knowing population enables governing

Question 19

Power produces knowledge

Answer 19

Institutions enforce certain ways of knowing and not others

Question 20

Constructivism (karin korr, harry collins, bruno latour, sharon traweek)

Answer 20

Stfc knwldg is social construct

Question 21

Constructivism: Scientific knowing

Answer 21

Set of material semiotic practices

Question 22

Constructivism: Material semiotic practices

Answer 22

Ppl prod knowledge with tools and infra like pens. These arent just materials but are bound with signs, intepretations etc

Question 23

Constructivism: Scientific knowing depends on

Answer 23

Conditions n actual practices within which its produced

Question 24

Constructivism: facts

Answer 24

Socio technical achievements

Question 25

Socio technicl achvmnts

Answer 25

Achievemnts prod by assmblg n stabilising combntns of soc n tech elements

Question 26

From truth to robust fit

Answer 26

Science shld b understood less as discovrg absolute truth and more as achvg robust fit btwn World, theory and experimental apparatus

Question 27

Contingency of all knowledge claims

Answer 27

X exists but cld exist diff X us possible but not necessarily as it is