1. finals_STS

Question 1

originated from cathedral and monastic schools, forming communities of
scholars who preserved classical knowledge and trained clergy, lawyers, and physicians.

Answer 1

Medieval universities

Question 2

included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy,
and music, shaping the foundations of rational inquiry.

Answer 2

The liberal arts curriculum

Question 3

encouraged structured debate and logical reasoning that blended faith with
intellectual analysis.

Answer 3

Scholasticism

Question 4

were grouped into “nations,” early academic societies based on region.

Answer 4

Students

Question 5

originated from Chinese experiments and was first used in fireworks before being
adapted into fire lances and early cannons.

Answer 5

Gunpowder

Question 6

represented advanced medieval engineering, using physics
principles like counterweight motion and leverage for long-range attacks.

Answer 6

Siege towers and trebuchets

Question 7

guided medieval medical practice, promoting treatments such as bloodletting,
leech therapy, and herbal remedies.

Answer 7

Humoral theory

Question 8

was attempted in China, but the thousands of logographic characters made
typesetting slow and impractical compared to faster woodblock printing.

Answer 8

Movable type

Question 8

reflected traditional community-based childbirth led by midwives and emphasized
upright delivery positions.

Answer 8

Birth chairs

Question 9

supported imperial administration and civil service
examinations across East Asia.

Answer 9

Papermaking and printing technologies

Question 10

such as the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of technologies like compasses,
gunpowder, and paper.

Answer 10

Trade routes

Question 11

revived classical learning and promoted humanism, creativity, and
intellectual freedom.

Answer 11

The Renaissance

Question 12

studied anatomy and perspective, influencing both art and scientific illustration.

Answer 12

Artists

Question 13

boosted literacy and encouraged critical reading, enabling new ideas to
circulate widely through printed materials.

Answer 13

The Reformation

Question 14

transformed communication, making books, pamphlets, and scientific diagrams
accessible to the public.

Answer 14

Printing

Question 15

addressed growing urban fire hazards with chemicals or pressurized
systems.

Answer 15

Early fire extinguishers

Question 16

revolutionized astronomy by providing evidence for heliocentrism through
observations such as the phases of Venus and Jupiter’s moons.

Answer 16

Telescopes

Question 17

reflected pseudoscience and superstition, using unscientific tests like “swimming
tests” and “witch marks” to justify persecution.

Answer 17

Witch trials

Question 18

like the compass, astrolabe, and improved ship designs enabled global
exploration and cultural exchange.

Answer 18

Navigational tools

Question 19

improved timekeeping, supporting trade, city life, religious schedules, and
scientific measurement.

Answer 19

Mechanical clocks

Question 20

emphasized multilingual study of classical Greek, Latin, and Hebrew
texts.

Answer 20

Renaissance scholars

Question 21

built upon Renaissance curiosity and technological improvements
such as better lenses and instruments.

Answer 21

The Scientific Revolution

Question 22

transformed industries such as textiles, steel, and
transportation.

Answer 22

Mechanization and factory systems

Question 23

declined as automobiles and buses dominated mobility and influenced car-centered
urban planning.

Answer 23

Streetcars

Question 24

powered factories, trains, and steam engines but created significant pollution and health problems.

Answer 24

Coal

Question 25

became essential in construction, shipbuilding, machinery, and rail infrastructure.

Answer 25

Steel

Question 26

demonstrated a human-centered network of information and support for enslaved people seeking freedom.

Answer 26

The Underground Railroad

Question 27

improved sanitation, sewage systems, and water quality in overcrowded industrial cities.

Answer 27

Public health reforms

Question 28

pushed governments to establish sanitation boards and early epidemiological systems.

Answer 28

Cholera and public health crises

Question 29

expanded trade, migration, and national development across the United States.

Answer 29

The Transcontinental Railroad

Question 30

symbolized luxury travel but exposed labor injustices that led to the Pullman Strike.

Answer 30

Pullman sleeping cars

Question 31

increased production by dividing tasks into repetitive steps, reducing manufacturing time.

Answer 31

Assembly lines

Question 32

optimized workflows but limited worker autonomy.

Answer 32

Scientific management

Question 33

standardized manufacturing and simplified repair work.

Answer 33

Interchangeable parts

Question 34

allowed near-instant long-distance communication, reshaping news, finance, and warfare.

Answer 34

Telegraphs

Question 35

converted electrical signals into audible voice communication, changing business and personal interactions.

Answer 35

Telephones

Question 36

made up much of the early industrial workforce, often laboring in unsafe environments.

Answer 36

Women and children

Question 36

sustained breathing during polio outbreaks, illustrating the life-saving role of biomedical engineering.

Answer 36

The iron lung

Question 37

introduced new mass entertainment, propaganda tools, and cultural storytelling methods.

Answer 37

Cinematography

Question 37

faced overcrowding, unsafe working conditions, and pollution, prompting reforms and new technologies.

Answer 37

Industrial cities

Question 38

powered trains, factories, ships, and mines, while internal combustion engines enabled cars and aviation.

Answer 38

Steam engines

Question 39

were created to synchronize railway schedules and coordinate global timekeeping.

Answer 39

Standardized time zones

Question 40

introduced medications that improved symptoms and reduced the need for long-term confinement.

Answer 40

Psychopharmacology

Question 40

shifted from large institutions toward scientific, rights-based, community-centered treatment.

Answer 40

Modern mental health care

Question 41

such as cognitive-behavioral approaches, help individuals regulate emotions and develop coping strategies.

Answer 41

Evidence-based therapies

Question 42

expanded access to mental health care, especially in remote areas.

Answer 42

Teletherapy and online support communities

Question 43

creates both supportive communities and challenges such as comparison anxiety, cyberbullying, and emotional overload.

Answer 43

Social media

Question 43

can fragment attention due to constant notifications, fast-paced content, and multitasking habits.

Answer 43

Digital media

Question 44

support skills like problem-solving and visual processing but may lead to compulsive use when uncontrolled.

Answer 44

Video games

Question 45

is recognized by the WHO and is marked by loss of control and impaired functioning.

Answer 45

Gaming disorder

Question 46

pose significant psychological risks in digital spaces.

Answer 46

Cyberbullying and online harassment

Question 46

depends on broader social factors—economic stability, family environment, culture—not technology alone.

Answer 46

Mental well-being

Question 47

was one of the earliest large-scale electronic computers, built in 1945.

Answer 47

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Question 48

was “electronic” because it used thousands of vacuum tubes, not mechanical gears. It was “numerical” because its primary role was to compute numbers extremely quickly. It was an “integrator” because it could perform complex mathematical operations like integration. As a “computer,” it marked the beginning of the electronic computing era and demonstrated the potential of high-speed automated calculation.

Answer 48

ENIAC

Question 49

replaced vacuum tubes and made computers smaller, faster, cooler, and more reliable.

Answer 49

Transistors

Question 49

filled an entire room, was manually programmed with switches and cables, and was operated largely by pioneering women programmers.

Answer 49

ENIAC

Question 50

enabled personal computers, smartphones, and other everyday digital devices.

Answer 50

Microchips

Question 51

using satellites and atomic clocks to determine precise global locations for transportation, logistics, and mapping.

Answer 51

GPS functions

Question 52

protects data and systems through confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Answer 52

Cybersecurity

Question 53

includes viruses, worms, ransomware, spyware, and Trojans designed to infiltrate or damage digital systems.

Answer 53

Malware

Question 54

users into revealing login credentials or financial information.

Answer 54

Phishing deceives

Question 55

evolved from ARPANET, a decentralized Cold War communication network.

Answer 55

The internet

Question 56

personalize online experiences but raise concerns about privacy and tracking.

Answer 56

Web cookies

Question 57

reflects unequal access to devices, reliable internet, and digital literacy.

Answer 57

The digital divide

Question 58

analyzes large-scale datasets to support predictions in health, business, science, and government.

Answer 58

Big Data

Question 59

monitor heart rate, sleep, activity levels, and other biometrics to support preventive healthcare.

Answer 59

Wearable devices

Question 60

increases efficiency but raises concerns about job displacement and changing labor demands.

Answer 60

Automation

Question 60

contains hazardous substances that threaten ecosystems when improperly discarded.

Answer 60

E-waste

Question 61

raises questions about fairness, transparency, accountability, and algorithmic bias.

Answer 61

Artificial intelligence

Question 62

prioritize engagement and may amplify misinformation or extreme content.

Answer 62

Social media algorithms

Question 63

technology is understood as deeply shaped by culture, politics, economics, and social values.

Answer 63

In STS

Question 64

explain how new technologies spread through society, while Appropriate Technology stresses solutions tailored to local needs.

Answer 64

Concepts such as Diffusion of Innovations