10 - Encoding

Question 1

What is encoding? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 1

Input to memory, the transformation of sensory information into memory representation

Question 2

What is storage? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 2

Maintenance of long term representation of memories

Question 3

What is consolidation? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 3

Neural changes that occur after encoding to create a memory trace

Question 4

What is a memory trace? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 4

Changes in our brain that represent an experience

Question 5

What is retrieval? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 5

Output of memory, processing and reactivating a memory trace, bringing it to an active state

Question 6

What are the levels of processing? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 6

• How well an item is remembered it related to rehearsal, but retrieval in the depth of processing
• Processed operation both modify and leave a memory trace

Question 7

What did Craik & Tulving (1975) find when looking at evidence for levels of processing? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 7

Recognition was better for words that were studies with semantic processing, oppose to phonetic or structural processing

Question 8

What are the issues associated with Craik & Tulving (1975) conclusions? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 8

• Descriptive not explanatory

- Focuses on processing rather than retrieval

Question 9

What is transfer appropriate processing? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 9

• An alternative view on encoding, processing is goal directed
• Memory performance is better if the type of processing during encoding is the same as retrieval

Question 10

What did Morris et al (1977) find in relation to transfer appropriate processing? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 10

• A cross over interaction
• Words semantically encoded were better recognised when tested in a standard condition, rather than a rhyming condition

Question 11

What did Tulving and Thomsen (1973) find in relation to encoding specificity? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 11

• Effective retrieval cues were determined by the encoding operations performed on a stimulus
• Information is stored in memory within the context it was learnt

Question 12

What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) find in relation to context dependent memory? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 12

• Words studied on land had better recall if tested on land

- Words studied in the sea had a better recall if tested in the sea

Question 13

What did Mantyla (1986) find in relation to self generated cues? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 13

• Upon recall, P’s who were shown their own clues had near perfect recall (90%)
• Self generated cues may better match the encoded context

Question 14

What is elaboration? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 14

• Assigning meaningful information to something you are trying to remember
• Organisational strategy and self generated cues are both types of elaborative coding

Question 15

What did Litman & Davachi (2008) find? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 15

• Memory is better when it is spread over time

- Disrupted learning strengthens memory

Question 16

How is amnesia split and what are the criteria of it? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 16

• Anterograde = loss of memories for information after pain injury
• Retrograde = Loss of memory for information before the injury

Question 17

What does the standard model of consolidation state? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 17

Memories become more stable over time and are stored in different brain systems

Question 18

What does declarative memory depend on for retention of past events? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 18

The hippocampus

Question 19

All amnesic patients with hippocampus damage have what type of amnesia? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 19

Anterograde

Question 20

What is fast mapping? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 20

Mental processing where a concept is learnt based on single exposure to a given unit of information

Question 21

What is multiple trace theory? (Encoding Cognitive)

Answer 21

Each memory is retrieved and a new memory trace is created, so that remote memories are stronger than recent ones