9 - Long Term Memory

Question 1

How is long term memory split? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 1

Declarative and non-declarative

Question 2

What can declarative memory be broken in to and what does it mean? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 2

• Episodic = Specific events

- Semantic = Actual facts and knowledge

Question 3

What can non-declarative memory be broken in to and what does it mean? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 3

• Procedural = Sensorimotor and cognitive habits/skills
• Priming = Exposure to one stimulus influencing another
• Simple = Stimulus response behaviour

Question 4

What type of long term memory is affected by amnesia? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 4

Declarative

Question 5

What part of the brain is necessary for episodic memory? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 5

The hippocampus

Question 6

What is the difference between episodic and semantic long term memory in terms of content? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 6

• Episodic = event and its context

- Semantic = general knowledge

Question 7

What is the difference between episodic and semantic long term memory in terms of time? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 7

• Episodic = one time

- Semantic = no specific time

Question 8

What is the difference between episodic and semantic long term memory in terms of emotion? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 8

• Episodic = emotional

- Semantic = not emotional

Question 9

What is the difference between episodic and semantic long term memory in terms of modification? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 9

• Episodic = more vulnerable

- Semantic = less vulnerable

Question 10

What is the difference between episodic and semantic long term memory in terms of development? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 10

• Episodic = late development

- Semantic = early development

Question 11

What did Graham, Becker and Hodges (1997) find in relation to Alzheimer’s/dementia patients and the type of memory? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 11

• Patients with Alzheimer’s had good episodic and poor semantic memory
• Patients with dementia had poor episodic and good semantic memory

Question 12

What do autobiographical memories integrate? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 12

Semantic and episodic memories

Question 13

What was Milner’s study in 1962 and what was found? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 13

• Studies procedural memories in amnesiacs
• Mirror trace task
• Patient HM repeated the task over 3 days
• The more he completed the trials, the number of errors reduced, but he did not recall partaking in the tasks

Question 14

How did Buffers et al (1990) investigate patients with Huntington’s, amnesia and Alzheimer’s and what was found? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 14

• Tasked of putting a target on a rotating turn table
• Huntington = unable to complete
• Amnesiacs and Alzheimers = very able to complete

Question 15

What does priming stimuli do? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 15

Changes the response to a subsequent test stimuli

Question 16

What did Tulving, Schacter and Stark (1982) find with priming effect in healthy adults? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 16

• Recognition memory was not effected through priming
• Priming effects were large in ‘new words’ in the immediate condition
• Priming is then seen as independent from recognition memory (more durable)

Question 17

How did Mitchell (2006) study patients and what did he find? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 17

• Fragmented images 17 years after the study

- Significantly better at answering the questions than new participants

Question 18

What is procedural priming and what are the characteristics? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 18

• Repetition priming
• Modality specific (visual to auditory)
• Does not depend on semantic or elaborative encoding
• Spared in amnesia

Question 19

What are the characteristics of conceptual priming? (LTM Cognitive)

Answer 19

• Not modality specific

- Benefits from semantic encoding