8 - Working Memory

Question 1

What created the modal model of memory? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 2

What is the outline of the modal model of memory? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 2

• Stimulus
• Sensory memory
  (attention/displacement)
• STM (rehearsal)
  (encoding/retrieval)
• LTM

Question 3

What are the feature of the LTM? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 3

• Potentially unlimited capacity
• Encoded semantically
• Duration of potentially a lifetime

Question 4

What are the feature of the STM? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 4

• Capacity = 7±2 items
• Duration = 15-30 seconds
• Encoded acoustically/visually

Question 5

What are the feature of the sensory memory? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 5

• Large, multimodal capacity

- 1/2 second duration

Question 6

Who created the working memory model? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 6

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Question 7

What is the outline of the working memory model? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 7

• Visuospatial sketchpad
• Central executive
• Phonological store

Question 8

What is the dual task method? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 8

• Press a button to say if a Q is true or false
• P’s repeat a string of diets at the same time
• Increased digit load increased reasoning time
• Increased digit load did not effect the number of errors

Question 9

What evidence did Baddeley (1966) find for the phonological store? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 9

• Recall of words was poor for phonologically similar words

- No effect on semantically similar words

Question 10

What is the word length effect by Baddeley (1975)? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 10

• Presented a list of 5 words to write down, increasing in the number of letters
• The number of syllables in the word influenced recall
• Faster speakers were able to recall more words than slower speakers

Question 11

What is articulatory suppression? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 11

• Irrelevant speech effects
• P’s presented with different words and asked to say the irrelevant ones out loud
• Repetition of the word reduced recall

Question 12

What was shown through brain imaging in regards to the phonological store (Paulescu et al 1993)? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 12

• Greater left side brain activity
• STM for english vs Korean letters activated Brocas are in the frontal and inferior prattle lobes
• Judging rhymes only activated the Brocas area

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the phonological store? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 13

• Auditory presentation of words have direct access
• Visual presentation of words have indirect access
• Affected by phonological similarity

Question 14

What are the characteristics of the articulatory process? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 14

• Converts visually presented words in to inner speech that can be stored in the phonological store
• Affected by word length and irrelevant speech effects

Question 15

What findings are there for the visuospatial sketchpad? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 15

• Needed for holding a sequence of visually guided actions
• Viewing abstract pictures interfered with the visual task
• Tracing the outline only interfered with the spacial task

Question 16

Who investigated the central executive? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 16

Norman and Shallice

Question 17

What actions control the central executive? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 17

• Schemas guided by environmental cues

- Attentionality as a limited controller

Question 18

What does the episodic buffer have the ability to do? (Working Memory Cognitive)

Answer 18

Integrate information across space and time