20 - Two Systems

Question 1

What two pathways is reasoning considered to have? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 1

1) Intuitive (fast system)

2) Deliberate (slow system)

Question 2

What did Dijksterhuis et al (2006) find in relation to the 3 posters and their reasoning strategy? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 2

• Immediately after, deliberation group were most satisfied with their choice
• 1 month later, quick look/anagram/quick decision group were most happy with their choice

Question 3

What did Stanovich and West (2000) believe? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 3

• System 1 = active
• System 2 = low-mode state
• Can be shown through the invisible gorilla/basketball pass example

Question 4

What did Goel find? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 4

Cognitive neuropsychology shows that different brain regions are involved with different reasoning

Question 5

What evidence has been found that shows an unconscious influence on system 1, effecting system 2? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 5

• Bargh et al (1996) = after unscrambling words, if they were associated with the elderly, then p’s would walk out the room slower
• Berger et al (2008) = P’s were more likely to vote for increased school funding if the polling station is in a school

Question 6

What evidence has been found that explains an unconscious influence on system 1, that is undetected by system 2? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 6

• Bateson et al (2006)
• Pictures of faces (eyes watching you) vs flowers were analysed
• Money put in an honesty box increased with the face condition

Question 7

Priming effects that are not noticed by system 2 leads to what? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 7

Discrimination belief because system 2 is unaware of their influence

Question 8

What is cognitive ease and what does it lead to? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 8

• Where thinking seems easy

- Reliance on system 1

Question 9

What is the behaviour for system 1 seen as? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 9

WYSIATI (what you see is all there is)

Question 10

What does WYSIATI explain? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 10

• Jumping to conclusions
• Over confidence
• Base-rate neglect

Question 11

What is system 2 seen as? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 11

Logical, but lazy and easily fatigued

Question 12

What does evolutionary traits mean in relation to system 1? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 12

System 1 is mostly accurate but sometimes will make errors, e.g. illusions

Question 13

What is substitution and what system is it designated to? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 13

• Changing a problem to make it easier to understand/interpret
• System 1

Question 14

What was found with inaccurate substitution in system 1? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 14

• Todorov et al (2008/9) = P’s form judgements very quickly of mistrust by faces alone
• Strack et al (1998) = The order in which 2 questions were asked affected the answers

Question 15

What are affective heuristics and how do they effect our beliefs? (Two Systems Cognitive)

Answer 15

• Likes and dislikes
• System 2 is more likely to question the conclusions
• Leads to magical thinking