11 - Retrieval

Question 1

What were Brady et al (2008) procedures? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 1

• P’s studied 2500 objects
• Asked to pick between 2 pictures
• Some pairs were novel (looked completely different)
• Some pairs were state (same item in the picture but the state had changed)

Question 2

What did Brady et al (2008) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 2

• 85% of objects were correctly recalled

- LTM has remarkable capacity

Question 3

What did Thompson and Tulving (1970) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 3

• P’s failed to recall recognise some words in the recognition task, but were able to recall in the cued recall test
• Cues may have been used for a coding context
• Recognition failure of recallable words

Question 4

What are the two independent processes (dual process theory) in recognition memory? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 4

• Recollection = Where we can retrieve the specific instance where we saw it before
• Familiarity = We feel we have seen it before, but cannot retrieve details on when and where

Question 5

What is flashbulb memory? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 5

• Highly charged event e.g. 9/11
• 78/80 P’s could recall where they were when JFK was shot
• Those who were closer to the 9/11 attacks used the amygdala when recalling

Question 6

What did Talarico & Rubin (2003) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 6

P’s confidence on accuracy of flashbulb events is significantly higher than ever day events

Question 7

What are memory illusions? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 7

• When subjective and objective versions of the same thing occur e.g. blue/gold dress
• Memory illusions are highly subjective

Question 8

What errors can occur in memory illusions? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 8

• Before the memory, information could influence the true memory
• Information that is encountered after the memory may interfere with the true memory

Question 9

What is the Deese-Roediger & McDerott paradigm? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 9

• P’s studied a list of words highly associated with a non-presented critical lure e.g. chocolate
• Asked to highlight which words were present on the original list
• 40% of lures were recalled (false memories)
• Critical lures were more likely to be recollected than familiar

Question 10

What is the misinformation paradigm by Loftus and Palmer (1947)? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 10

• How fast were the cars going when they smashed/hit each other?
• Was there any broken glass?
• More likely to recall the broken glass if the cars ‘smashed’ in to each other

Question 11

What were the procedures of Jacques and Schacter (2011)? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 11

• Day 1 = P’s went on a museum tour, while wearing a camera that automatically takes photos
• Day 2 = P’s received memories from the museum cued by photos, but some were also fake cues
• Day 3 = Shown photos of the museum and asked if they were taken at the museum they visited

Question 12

What did Jacques and Schacter (2011) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)

Answer 12

• P’s did have false memories but the effects depended on how well the retrieved the memories on day 2
• More fake memories if retrieval cues matched encoding
• The way we retrieve memories can affect how how constructive processing will lead to later false memories