why does the immune system slow down
active bone marrow decreases so lower production of leukocytes, vital dor immune system functioning.
what comes with immune system slowing down
innate imunity declines (non-specific). Thymus glands regress making T cells that are vital for the adaptiveness of specific immunity useless, as the thymus maturates it. ability to make atibodies decrease
what does immune decrease result in
increased volnurabliy to infections. cancer, vaccines become less effective, slow wound healing, increase of other deseases.
what happens to the heart
greater rigidity of the heart
maximum heart rate increases
heart fills more blood slowly
increased thickness of the heart walls
what happens with the blood vessels
increase in thickness and stiffness of arteries
decrease in lumen
increase in plaque formation in arteries
what are the results of the aging cardiovascular system
increased blood pressure
maximum heart rate decreases
heart performs well under moderate activity
less blood flow to tissues and cells
slightly less able to tollerate increased physcial exertion
decreased performance in elite athletes
what is atherosclerosis and what does it cause
fibrouse plaques full od lipids, WBCs, platlets, hypertension and this causes an increased risk of heart atacks and strokes.
where does atherosclerosis start
in damaged epithelial cell lining, typically bc of smoking, high blood pressure, oxidized LDL, and other causes. resulting in excess cholesterol particles collecting beneath these cells.
what happens in responce to the damage in the epithelial cells
platelets and other types of cells colect at the site; a fibrous cap forms, isolating the plaque within the artery walls.
what is a early stage plaqu
fatty streak
what causes the plaque to grow
chemicales released by cells in and around the plaque, cause further buildup and inflamation.
what happens in aging of the respiratory system
stiffening of the lungs, alveoli and capilaries decrease, muscles responsible for breathing decrease, weaker coughs
what does the aging respiratory system cause
decrease in maximum breathing capacity, more difficult to expand lungs to full volume, less able to clear mucuse and fight ingetion. ordinary living are not affected by excercise might be. and secondary aging for smokers
what happens with aging muscular system
decrease in muscle mass, decrease in contractile force and decrease in 10-15%.
why is there a defrease in muscle with age
disease or inactivity, Gh and testosterone down. results in decreased motor performance in athletes and for sarcopenia increased fatigue and risk of falls.
what is the diffference between atrophy due to disuse and atrophy due to sarcopenia
disuse- reversible
sarcopenia - non-reversible
what happens with aging in bones
lose in bone density, thickness, reduction in number and size of trabeculae in spongy bone, more ostoeclast activity, menopause and the resulting decrease in bone bc of estrogen, loss in calcium
what bones are most affected by aging
ends of demur, and wrist and vertebra
how does osteoarthritis happen
cartilage that lines the joints thin and crack
what happens to ligaments and tendons with age
they stiffen and weaken
what is the result of decline in bones and joints
increased fracture risk
increased risk of tearing of ligament
stiffness
decrease in height
mobility problems and frailty in severe cases
why do hormones decrease
due to decreased blood flow and vascularizaion and increase in connective tissue in endocrine glands
what is somatopause
steady decline in GH and IGF-1
what happens with decreased insulin sensitivity and decrease in insulin secretion
blood glucose levels spike more quickly and take longer to recover.
