#28

Question 1

Venules

Answer 1

smallest type of veins that connect to capillary beds and lack a tunica media

Question 2

Tunica media

Answer 2

middle, typically thickest layer of blood vessel walls

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

thick-walled muscular vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart at high pressure

Question 4

Arterioles

Answer 4

small arteries, regulate blood flow into capillary beds and influence blood pressure through constrictrion or dilation

Question 5

Organize aorta and varients from biggest to smallest

Answer 5

Aorta -> large arteries -> medium/small arteries -> arterioles

Question 6

Inferior vena cava

Answer 6

largest vein responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

large vessels that carry blood back towards the heart

Question 8

Elastic arteries

Answer 8

near the heart, alrge and thick-walled and contains high amounts of elastic tissue to handle high-pressure surges from the heart

Question 9

Muscular arteries

Answer 9

medium-sized vessels with more smooth muscle, distributing blood to specific organs

Question 10

Tunica intima

Answer 10

inner layer composed of smooth

Question 11

Blood pressure gradient

Answer 11

The difference in pressure between two points in the cardiovascular system

Question 12

Vascular resistance

Answer 12

Opposition to blood flow within the cardiovascular system

Question 13

What determins vascular resistance?

Answer 13

blood vessel diameter, vessel length, blood viscosity

Question 14

Blood flow rate

Answer 14

The volume of blood passing a point per unit of time

Question 15

Blood viscosity

Answer 15

the thickness and stickiness of blood measuring its resistance to flow within vessels

Question 16

How does blood move?

Answer 16

from high to low pressure

Question 17

What is the relationship between vessel resistance and length?

Answer 17

The longer the vessel, the more surface that is in contact with the blood and thus more friction blood will encounter. increases linearly with length

Question 18

Four factors that can affect vascular resistance

Answer 18

length, diameter, viscosity and turbulence

Question 19

Turbulence

Answer 19

Disruption to blood flow that increases resistance. Occurs at high flow rates or in damaged vessels

Question 20

What does blood vessel smooth msucle respond to?

Answer 20

ANS, sympathetic innervation, and to a variety of different hormones

Question 21

What effect does vessel diameter have on resistance?

Answer 21

A change in diameter of a vessel produces a larger change than change in length, resistance is proportional to the radius

Question 22

What happens when a liquid is more viscous?

Answer 22

Molecules and materials suspended within it interact with each other causing internal friction which slows down overall flow

Question 23

Laminar flow

Answer 23

all the liquid is moving in one direction in smooth layers

Question 24

Turbulent flow

Answer 24

layers are disrupted and the movement is not all unidirectional so overall flow is reduced for a given pressure gradient

Question 25

What in vessel walls can cause turbulent flow

Answer 25

branch points tight curves irregular surfaces

Question 26

How does vessel length relate to resistance?

Answer 26

longer vessels increase resistance, shorter vessels decrease resistance

Question 27

How is vessel diameter related ot resistance?

Answer 27

A smaller diameter would drastically increase resistance, a wider diameter would reduce it

Question 28

Korotkoff sounds

Answer 28

caused by the turbulent high-velocity flow of blood through the partially compressed brachial artery in a blood pressure test

Question 29

How does arterial pressure fluctuate due to cardiac cycle?

Answer 29

Highest during and just after ventricular systole and lowest during diastol

Question 30

Pulse pressure

Answer 30

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, force heart generates with each contraction

Question 31

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 31

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 32

What do elastic arteries do for pulse pressure?

Answer 32

helps to buffer and reduce variability in blood flow and pressures in capillaries

Question 33

What happens with arteries with large amounts of elastic tissue?

Answer 33

stretches when blood is forced into them with high pressure temporarily reducing blood flow rate

Question 34

How is blood pressure measured?

Answer 34

sphygomanometer which tracks how much external pressure it takes to stop blood flow

Question 35

What does the cuff do in a blood pressure test?

Answer 35

Tightens to a pressure that is higher than systolic blood pressure

Question 36

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 36

maximum pressure in your arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood

Question 37

diastolic pressure

Answer 37

pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats

Question 38

Why must the cuff compress the artery to temporarily stop blood flow?

Answer 38

To measure when the blood starts moving again and when it flows freely

Question 40

First sound of blood pressure measurement

Answer 40

this is the peak pressure of the heart contraction

Question 41

What are the continuing sounds when measuring blood pressure?

Answer 41

the sounds continue after the first, changing quality and then disappear which signifies diastolic pressure

Question 42

What happens to blood pressure as it passes throug hthe systemic circuit?

Answer 42

it declines as it encounters a series of resistances

Question 43

Where is the source of pressure gradient and what happens further away?

Answer 43

source is the ventricle, the further vessels are away from it the lower the average pressure is within them

Question 44

Where is the pressure drop-ff the largest?

Answer 44

through the arterioles, these vessels provide the highest total resistance to volume flow

Question 45

How can gravity affect blood flow?

Answer 45

Can either oppose or enhance, according to the location of vessels relative to the heart

Question 46

What must arteries work against?

Answer 46

Working to generate enough pressure to pus hagainst the force of gravity as well as vascular resistance

Question 47

What does gravity assist in blood flow?

Answer 47

When arteries supply blood to regions blow he heart

Question 48

What do veins in limbs contain?

Answer 48

valves to prevent the backflow of blood due to gravity

Question 49

How dies blood get squeezed upwards towards the heart?

Answer 49

muscles contracting around the vein provide extra pressure which helps squeeze blood upward toward the heart, countering the force of gravity

Question 50

Concentric hypertrophy

Answer 50

results from pressure overload. creates increases in ventricular wall thickness

Question 51

Eccentric hypertrophy

Answer 51

results from volume overload, creates increased ventricular volume

Question 52

What do concentric and eccentric hypertrophy represent?

Answer 52

distinct remodelling patterns of the ventricular myocardium in response to hemodynamic stress

Question 53

Features of concentric hypertrohpy

Answer 53

- cardiomyocytes increase in width (parallel addition of sarcomeres) - thick walls and a reduced cavity radius - diastolic dysfunction leading to lower myocardial efficiency

Question 54

features of eccentric hypertrophy

Answer 54

- cardiomyocytes elongate (serial addition of sarcomeres) - chamber dilation and thinner/normal wall thickness - maintains or increases stroke volume initially but leads to systolic dysfunction as dilation becomes excessive