#33

Question 1

External Respiration

Answer 1

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood

Question 2

Internal Respiration

Answer 2

the exchange of oxygen and carbon and carbon dioxide between blood and other body tissues

Question 3

What do airways allow for?

Answer 3

Allow air to reach gas exchange surfaces in lungs

Question 5

Nasal Cavity: upper or lower?

Answer 5

upper

Question 6

pharynx: upper or lower?

Answer 6

upper

Question 7

larynx: upper or lower?

Question 8

trachea: upper or lower?

Answer 8

lower

Question 9

bronchi (left and right): upper or lower?

Answer 9

lower

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

Site of gas exchange

Question 11

lungs: upper or lower?

Answer 11

lower

Question 12

What are the functions of the upper tract?

Answer 12

air conditioning and conduction, olfaction, sound articulation

Question 13

What are the functions of the lower tract?

Answer 13

air conduction, phnation, external respiration

Question 14

Nose: upper or lower?

Answer 14

upper

Question 15

Paranasal sinuses: upper or lower?

Answer 15

upper

Question 16

nasal cavity: upper or lower?

Answer 16

upper

Question 17

Respiratory broncholes: upper or lower?

Answer 17

lower

Question 18

Where does external respiration occur?

Answer 18

only in the alveoli

Question 19

When can gas exchange only occur?

Answer 19

where air is in close proximity with capillaries

Question 20

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 20

mucous membrane that helps to moisten (condition) air as well as filters air by trapping particles and pathogens. covers the respiratory tract

Question 21

What protective functions do the terminal bronchioles have?

Answer 21

mobile macrophages, phagocytic WBCs

Question 22

Type I alveolar cell

Answer 22

squamous epithelial cells that cover over 95% of the alveolar surface area in the lungs

Question 23

Type II alveolar cell

Answer 23

cuboidal epithelial cells in the lung responsible for producing surfactant

Question 24

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 24

breathing

Question 25

how does the process of olfaction detect smells?

Answer 25

via olfactory sensory neurons located in the nasal epithelium

Question 26

Pleura

Answer 26

a double layered membrane that adheres each lung to the wall of the thoracic cage

Question 27

Why are pressure gradients essential for lung function?

Answer 27

they drive the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs and facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

Question 28

Inhalation

Answer 28

movements of inspiratory muslces expand the lungs, creating a negative pressure gradient

Question 29

Exhalation

Answer 29

When the muscles relax, the pressure gradient and air flow reverse

Question 30

What does respiratory movement depend on?

Answer 30

skeletal muscles and thus on somatic motor neurons

Question 31

Boyle's Law

Answer 31

there is an inverse/opposing relationship between the volume of a container and the pressure inside that container

Question 32

Henrys Law

Answer 32

each gas will move down its own pressure gradient through a fluid

Question 33

Daltons LAw

Answer 33

in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of all individual pressures

Question 34

Ventilation

Answer 34

bringing gases in and out of the lungs

Question 35

Tidal volume

Answer 35

amount of air inhaled/exhaled during normal resting breathing

Question 36

Vital capacity

Answer 36

maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation

Question 37

Residual volume

Answer 37

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum forced exhalation

Question 38

what does the respiratory cycle depend on?

Answer 38

neural activity generated within the medulla

Question 39

Olfacation

Answer 39

sensory process of smelling

Question 40

Gustation

Answer 40

tasting

Question 41

How are odorants detected?

Answer 41

via olfactory sensory neurons located in nasal epithelium

Question 42

olfactory receptor proteins

Answer 42

GPCRs on olfactory cilia that trigger neural signals

Question 43

olfactory sensory neurons

Answer 43

neurons in nasal epithelium that detect odorants via specialized g-protein coupled receptors on their cilia

Question 44

olfactory bulb

Answer 44

neural structure in the bertebrate forebrain responsible for receiving and processing odor information from the nose

Question 45

where does the olfactory bulb send processed smell signals to?

Answer 45

primary olfactory cortex

Question 46

pontine respiratory center

Answer 46

modulator of the breathing rhythem established by the medulla

Question 47

pneumotaxic center

Answer 47

upper pons. limits inspiration, increasing the rate of respiration by shortening the duration of inspiration

Question 48

apneustic center

Answer 48

lower pons. promotes deep breathing my stimulating the DRG in the medulla

Question 49

medulla in breathing

Answer 49

primary brainstem center for quiet breathing setting the basic rhythm by sending signals to respiratory muscles

Question 50

how does the medulla oblongata control inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 50

via the dorsal and ventray respiratory groups

Question 51

opioid drugs kill pneumotaxic centers by

Answer 51

inducing severe respiratory depression, causing death by inhibiting the cells to function. pneumotaxic center controls the speed of respiration, opioids reduce the respiratory rate and can lead to prolonged expiration and apnea

Question 52

Sneezing

Answer 52

involuntary reflex caused by presence of irritants or particles in the nasal cavity or naso pharynx

Question 53

coughing

Answer 53

reflex stimulus from presence of irritants or particles in the lower respiratory tract. can also be voluntary

Question 54

sighing

Answer 54

reflexive breathing pattern which creates a slow deep breath to help reinflate pulmonary lobules