Urinary system overview

Question 1

What is the urine system responsible for?

Answer 1

production, stoage and elimination of urine

Question 2

What do the kidneys do?

Answer 2

filter blood, producing urine

Question 3

Where is urine moved and stored

Answer 3

throughout the urinary system and temporarily stored in the bladder

Question 4

Parts of the urinary tract

Answer 4

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Question 5

What does micturition [urination] rely on?

Answer 5

coordination of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles through the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

Question 6

What must happen for the bladder to empty?

Answer 6

1. The two urethral sphincters must relax
2. The detrusor must contract

Question 7

Urgency

Answer 7

describes the desire to urinate

Question 8

Frequency

Answer 8

describes the rate of urination [how many times]

Question 9

Incontinence

Answer 9

describes the lack of [voluntary] control preventing urination

Question 10

Retention

Answer 10

describes when urination does not occur

Question 11

Kidneys have many functions, mostly revolving around body fluid homeostasis. What do they remove and regulate?

Answer 11

Removes wastes and toxins from blood without removing nutrients
Regulating plasma ion concentrations, blood pH, blood volume and pressure

Question 12

The kidney is both a secondary ___ organ and a ____ of other of these types of organs

Answer 12

endocrine, target

Question 13

Calcitriol

Answer 13

regulates calcium intake and retention

Question 14

When is cacitriol secreted

Answer 14

in response to parathyroid hormon PTH signalling when calcium is low

Question 15

How does calcitriol act?

Answer 15

through receptors in digestive tract and kidney to promote absorption and reabsorption of calcium

Question 16

Erythropeoietin [EPO]

Answer 16

Stimulates red blood cell production

Question 17

When is EPO secreted?

Answer 17

secreted by intertubular fibroblasts [EPCs] within kidney tissue in response to tissue hypoxia [lack of oxygen]

Question 18

What does EPO act on?

Answer 18

bone marrow to enhance RBC production leading to increases in blood volume

Question 19

Renin

Answer 19

regulates other hormones which control blood pressure and plasma volume

Question 20

When is renin secreted?

Answer 20

within the juxtaglomerular apparatus [JGA] in response to decreased pressure in kidney arterioles

Question 21

What does Renin activate?

Answer 21

RAAS, leading to increased blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increased blood voume through intake and reabsorption

Question 22

Nephron

Answer 22

functional unit of kidney tissue

Question 23

What does each nephron have?

Answer 23

A glomerulus where blood is initially filtered
A renal tubule where filtrate is processed

Question 24

Glomeruli

Answer 24

capillaries in kidneys

Question 25

What happens when blood is filtered at glomerular capillaries?

Answer 25

the filtrate that is created flows through the lumon of the nepohron and into collecting ducts

Question 26

What shapes the composition of urine?

Answer 26

interactions between renal tubules, interstitial fluid and peritubular capillaries

Question 27

Peritubular capillaries

Question 28

The nephron is subject to hormonal regulation,

Question 29

Renal failure

Answer 29

kidney function is compromised

Question 30

What is renal failure usually associated with?

Answer 30

reduced urine production, oedema and fatigue

Question 31

What are potential causes of renal failure?

Answer 31

clot in renal artery/vein physical damage to kidney tissue nephro-toxinx from drugs or breakdown of other body tissues kidney stones blocking a ureter

Question 32

What happens when kidney filtration slows or stops?

Answer 32

reabsorption processes are disrupted metabolic wastes, excess ions and water will be retained in the plasma

Question 33

haemodialysis

Answer 33

machine used to filter blood of someone with kidney failure

Question 34

What does haemodialysis rely on?

Answer 34

passive diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane. permitting ions and small organic molecules to pass but restricts the movement of larger molecules

Question 35

Dialysis fluid

Answer 35

solution used to remove waste and excess water from the blood

Question 36

Why does dialysis fluid contain glucose?

Answer 36

glucose creates a concentration gradient for excess water in the body to move into