Liver

Question 1

Bile ducts

Answer 1

branching network of tubes that transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine

Question 2

Lobules

Answer 2

The organization structure of liver cells [hepatocytes]

Question 3

Sinusoids

Answer 3

Liver capillaries

Question 4

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 4

drains the capillaries of most abdonminal organs and sends that blood into the liver

Question 5

Hepatocytes

Answer 5

liver cells

Question 6

What is function A1 of the liver?

Answer 6

The liver secretes bile which is important for digestion and excretion

Question 7

What does bile contain?

Answer 7

water and inorganic ions, bile salts, bilirubin

Question 8

What is bilirubin?

Answer 8

A potentially toxic waste product from the breakdown of heme units

Question 9

What is function A2 of the liver?

Answer 9

Store for certain key minerals (like Cu and Fe) and vitamins (like A and B12)
Stores in the liver help to maintain homeostasis of these substances by acting as a buffer for the supply in blood

Question 10

Absorptive state

Answer 10

the liver in a state right after a meal

Question 11

Post-absorptive state

Answer 11

the liver in a state once absorbed nutrients are used

Question 12

What happens during an absorptive state?

Answer 12

The liver processes and stores glucose

Question 13

When does the absorptive state begin?

Answer 13

When ingested food begins to be absorbed. Typically lasts for 4 hours/as long as the blood is still high in nutrients especially glucose

Question 14

What does the liver do after blood glucose levels are elevated after a meal?

Answer 14

The liver stores some glucose as glycogen and uses excess glucose to synthesize new triglycerides

Question 15

What is the primary hormone of the absorptive state?

Answer 15

insulin

Question 16

Insulin

Answer 16

hormone produced by the pancreas that regulate glucose by allowing it to enter cells for energy

Question 17

Glycogen

Answer 17

short-term storage form of glucose in the liver

Question 18

What hapens in a post-absorptive state?

Answer 18

The liver is responsible for gluconeogenesis, occurs when all the absorbed nutrients from the last meal have all been used or stored

Question 19

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 19

making glucose from breakdown products of lipids [fats] or proteins

Question 20

What happens when blood glucose levels drop below its set point?

Answer 20

The liver converts glycogen back to glucose and synthesizes new glucose from amino acids and glycerol

Question 23

What is function B of the liver?

Answer 23

Synthesizing plasma proteins

Question 24

What is function C of the liver?

Answer 24

Liver macrophages recycle red blood cells

Question 25

Stellate macrophages

Answer 25

immune cells located in liver sinusoids

Question 26

What happens to the iron that was bound to heme units?

Answer 26

transported to the liver and recycled to form new hemoglobin molecules in red bone marrow/storage

Question 27

What happens to the rest of heme units when everything is recycled?

Answer 27

converted to bilverdin which is then converted to bilirubin [bile pigment] which is transported to the liver

Question 28

What happens to bilirubin?

Answer 28

packaged into bile for excretion

Question 29

What happens if bilirubin is not properly processed in the liver?

Answer 29

1. The liver

Question 30

What is functon G1 of the liver?

Answer 30

as a secondary endocrine organ it secretes somatomedins, converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin by renin, secretes thrombopoietin, hepicidin

Question 31

What is function E of the liver?

Answer 31

contributes to the activation or inactivation of steroid hormones produced by other endocrine organs

Question 32

What is function F of the liver?

Answer 32

detoxification of drugs and toxins

Question 33

Cytochrome

Answer 33

CYP enzymes found in the liver catalyze reactions that inactivate a variety of drugs and tag them for excretion

Question 34

What happens when liver enzymatic pathways are disrupted?

Answer 34

Cell damage can result from a build up of toxic intermediates

Question 35

alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH] and aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH]

Answer 35

enzymes that break down alcohols into ATP generating substances in the liver

Question 36

Why could biochemistry processes in liver compete with each other?

Answer 36

1. The yrequire the same co-factors 2. They downregulate each other

Question 37

What happens when liver cells are stressed or damaged?

Answer 37

they accumulate fat and then collagenous scar tissue

Question 38

What can ethanol metabolism lead to?

Answer 38

enhance fatty acid synthesis but inhibit gluconeogenesis