ANS

Question 1

Autonomic System overview

Answer 1

Motor and sensory pathways regulating body’s internal environment through involuntary control

* Sympathetic

*Parasympathetic

Question 2

Preganglionic neurons

Answer 2

Cell body in the CNS

(myelinated B fibers)

Question 3

Postgangliotic neuron

Answer 3

Cell body in autonomic ganglia (outside CNS)

(unmyelinated C fibers

Question 4

Activation of ANS

Answer 4

1. Visceral information comes in from body to brain
2. autonomic centers receive information and initiate response
3. Hypothalamus
   
   1. “homeostasis”
4. Pons
   
   1. Respirations
5. medulla
   
   1. vasomotor tone
   2. respirations

Question 5

ANS has partial control of 4 things

Answer 5

• systemic blood pressure
• GI motility and secretion
• urinary bladder emptying
• sweating and body temperature

Question 6

Structure of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

• “Thoracolumbar”
  
  • pregangliotic neurons cell bodies located in T1-L2/3 of spinal cord- in the intermediolateral horn of gray matter.
    
    • short
  • post-ganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the ganglia on either side of the spinal cord.
    
    • long

Question 7

SNS paravertebral ganglion T1 affects ______

Answer 7

head

Question 8

SNS paravertebral ganglion T2 affects _____

Answer 8

neck

Question 9

SNS paravertebral ganglion T3-6 affects _____

Answer 9

chest

affects phrenic nerve and cardiac accelerant compensation

Question 10

SNS paravertebral ganglion T7-T11 affects

Answer 10

abdomen

Question 11

SNS paravertebral ganglion T12-L2 affects ______

Answer 11

legs

Question 12

parasympathetic preganglionic neurins arise from:

Answer 12

• Cranial
  
  • medullary CN 3, 7, 9, 10
• Sacral
  
  • spinal cord S2-S4 regions

Long preganglionic neurons, short post

Question 13

Post ganglionic neurons cell bodies of the parasympathetic system are located in:

Answer 13

• target organs
• discrete ganglia in the head and neck

***Long preganglionic neurons, short post

Question 14

Vagus Nerve (CN X) affects what organs in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 14

1. heart
2. lungs
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intesting
6. liver
7. gallbladder
8. pancreas
9. upper uterus

Question 15

Occulomotor Nerve (CN III) affects what organs in the parasympatheic nervous system

Answer 15

1. eye (the pre-ganglionic nucleus is called the Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Question 16

Trigeminal (CNV) affects what in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 16

1. Submandibular gland (secretions)

Question 17

Facial nerve (CNVII) affects what in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 17

1. lacrimal
2. nasal
3. submaxillary glands

***pre ganglionic nucleus is calls Superior salivatory nucleus

Question 18

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) affects what in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 18

1. Parotid gland

***preganglionic nucleus is called the Inferior salivatory nucleus

Question 19

S2-S3 nerves affect what in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 19

1. distal colon
2. rectum
3. bladder
4. lower uterus
5. external genitalia

Question 20

Edinger-Westphal nucleus is preganglionic input for what postganglionic neuron?

Answer 20

Ciliary ganglion

Question 21

Superior Salivatory nucleus is preganglionic nucleus for what postganglionic neuron?

Answer 21

Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia

Question 22

Inferior salivatory nucleus is preganglionic neuron for what postganglionic neuron?

Answer 22

Otic ganglion

Question 23

sympathetic preganglionic fibers

neurotransmitter and receptor

Answer 23

Secrete Acetylcholine

Cholinergic (nicotinic)

Question 24

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

neurotransmitter and receptor

Answer 24

Secrete Norepinephrine

Receptor type: Adrenergic

or

Secrete ACh to muscarinic receptor or adrenal medulla

Question 25

parasympathetic **pre**ganlionic neurotransmitter and receptor type

Answer 25

secretes Acetylcholine Receptor: Cholinergic (nicotinic)

Question 26

parasympathetic **post**ganlionic fibers neurotransmitter and receptor

Answer 26

secretes Acetylcholine Receptor type: muscarinic

Question 27

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 27

acts like a ganglia but releases NE and Epi as hormones 20% NE 80% Epi

Question 28

sweat glands

Answer 28

* innervated by SNS * Postganglionic nerve releases ACh into a **muscarinic** receptor * thus it is a sympathetic cholinergic fiber ???

Question 29

Adenylate cyclase activates cAMP causing \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

smooth muscle dilation

Question 30

Acetylcholine Synthesis and storage

Answer 30

* Synthesis- Choline and acetyl CoA form acetylcholine with help of choline acetyltransferase * Storage- stored in synaptic vesicles and released in response to an action potential

Question 31

metabolism of acetylcholine

Answer 31

* \<1 msec rapid hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate * Choline is transported back into nerve endings used for synthesis of new acetylcholine

Question 32

Creation of Epinephrine

Answer 32

1. Tyrosine converted into DOPA by *Tyrosine hydroxylase* (rate limiting step) 2. DOPA converted into Dopamine by *DOPA decarboxylase* 3. Dopamine converted into Norepinephrine by *Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase* 4. Norepi converted into Epinephrine by *Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase*

Question 33

Norepinephrine formation and storage

Answer 33

* Formation * dopamine formed in cytoplasm * dopamine enters synaptic vesicle * in vesicle it is converted to Norepi * storage and release * Norepi stored in vesicle until AP * with AP the norepi is released from postganglionic SNS nerve endings into ECF via exocytosis

Question 34

Norepinephrine termination of action

Answer 34

* Reuptake- back into postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings * most common * 80% of released norepi can be reused * Dilution- by diffusion from receptors * metabolism- by the enzymes * monoamine oxidase (MAO-cytoplasm) * catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT-liver)

Question 35

Epinephrine formation and storage

Answer 35

* Formation- synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland (chromaffin cells) * Storage and release- released after stimulation of the adrenal medulla by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons by ACh

Question 36

Epinephrine termination of action

Answer 36

* COMT- liver * MAO- cytoplasm

Question 37

what does cAMP do?

Answer 37

relaxes muscles

Question 38

G_aq

Answer 38

* increases IP₃, DAG and **Ca++** * Vasoconstriction, * increased heart contractility * increased CNS activity

Question 39

G_ai

Answer 39

* decreases cAMP * smooth muscle contraction * decreased HR * decreased contractility * decreased CNS activity (post synaptically A₂)

Question 40

G_as

Answer 40

* Increased cAMP * smooth muscle relaxation/vasodilation * Increased HR * Increased contractility