Liver

Question 1

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 1

Collects blood from capillaries stomach, spleen, pancreas, and intestine and empties into the liver

Question 2

What is bile made up of?

Where does it go?

Answer 2

• Bile is made up of bile salts and the trash the liver wants to get rid of
  
  • Bile salts help break down lipids in the intestine
• Bile gets stored in the gallbladder until “mealtime” when it is released into the intestine.

Question 3

How much of the body’s lymph is made in the liver?

Answer 3

about half.

Lymph from the liver has more proteins than the rest of the body because there are large pores in the epithelium

Question 4

Bile canaliculus

Answer 4

Collects bile secreted by the hepatocytes. Merges with the bile duct

Question 5

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver

Answer 5

• Storage of large amounts of glycogen
• conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose
• gluconeogenesis
• formation of many chemical compounds from intermediate products of carbohydrate metabolism

Question 6

Protein metabolism

Answer 6

• Deamination of amino acids
• formation of urea for removal of ammonia from the body fluids
• formation of plasma proteins
• interconversion of the various amino acids and synthesis of other compounds from amino acids

Question 7

Fat metabolism

Answer 7

• Oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy for other body functins
• Synthesis of large quantities of cholesterol, phospholipids, and most lipoproteins
• synthesis of fat from proteins and carbohydrates

Question 8

Other metabolic functions of the liver

Answer 8

• Storage for vitamins A,D, and B12
• sores Iron as Ferritin
• forms the blood substances used in coagulation
• removes or excretes drugs, hormones, and other substances

Question 9

What makes the liver so important for drug metabolism?

Answer 9

The liver is the only way to get rid of large, fat soluble molecules.

Question 10

As the blood flows through the liver, it has more/less oxygen in it?

Answer 10

less

Question 11

As the blood flows through the liver it has more/less extrahepatic hormones in it?

Answer 11

less

Question 12

As the blood flows through the liver, it has more/less glycolysis enzymes in it?

Answer 12

more

Question 13

As the blood flows through the liver, it has more/less glucose liberating enzymes

Answer 13

less

Question 14

What does the hepatocyte do regarding glucose and protein?

Answer 14

• after a meal liver aggresively takes up glucose
  
  • stores it as glycogen
• between meals break down glycogen and release it slowly
• Liver also builds protein

Question 15

When protein intake is low, what are the first proteins to not be made?

Answer 15

albumin

Question 16

What is the process of bile?

Answer 16

• Amino acids (glycine or taurine) conjugate bile acids to form bile salts
  
  • some goes to gallbladder for storage until next meal
  • some goes to duodenum and jejunum to emulsify fats
• 65-85% of bile is reabsorbed through the intestinal lumen and binds to protein in circulation and transported to liver
• in liver it rejoins bile pool

Question 17

What is the process of red blood cell destruction?

Answer 17

• Hemoglobin separates to form Heme and Globin
• Heme becomes Iron and Biliverdin
  
  • Iron goes to iron pool and globin goes to amino acid pool
• Unconjugated bilirubin combines with albumin and is taken to the liver
• unconjugated bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid
  
  • now water soluble, excreted in bile and feces

Question 18

what do lipoproteins do?

Answer 18

transports lipids from intestines to other parts of the body.

Question 19

what is the difference between VLDL and chilomicrons?

Answer 19

chylomicrons carry exogenous (dietary) products and VLDL carry endogenous products

Question 20

order the lipoproteins from lowest density to highest

Answer 20

chylomicrons

VLDL

LDL

HDL

Question 21

How does HDL differ from all the other lipoproteins?

Answer 21

• more:
  
  • protein
  • phospholipids
• fewer:
  
  • free cholesterol
  • cholesteryl esters
  • triacylglycerols
• **for all other lipoproteins, all this increase as the lipoprotein gets more dense

Question 22

how is cholesterol taken up into lipoproteins?

Answer 22

uptake via receptor mediated endocytosis