school > APHUG unit 2 > Flashcards

APHUG unit 2 Flashcards

(82 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Age distribution

A

How a population is divided among different age groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Boserup thesis

A

Past agricultural improvements occured as a result of population pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cohort

A

Population group unified by a specified temporal (time/age) characteristic
ex: people born from 1997-2012 are part of the gen z cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

The annual number of (successful) live births per 1,000 population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Crude density

A

Number of people per unit area of land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Demographic equation

A

Summarizes the contribution made to regional population change over time by the combination of natural change + net migration
final population = initial population + (births - deaths) + (in-migration - out-migration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Demographic momentum

A

Tendency for population growth to continue despite rapid changes to fertility rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Demographic transition

A

Process by which a country’s population shifts from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops economically and socially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

demography

A

Statistical study of human populations: their size, structure, and changes through births, deaths, and migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ecumene

A

Part of earth’s surface physically suitable for permanent human settlement, or permanently inhabited areas of the earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Went to stanford university, took a neo-malthusian stance and warned that population growth would cause ecological and food crises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Food security

A

Having access to safe and nutritious food supplies sufficient to meet individual dietary needs, in accord with cultural preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or younger per 1,000 live births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

J-Curve

A

Curve depicting exponential or geometric population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thomas Robert Malthus

A

Argued that population grows exponentially while food supply grows linearly, leading to inevitable shortages and hardship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Karl Marx

A

Rejected malthus, stated poverty exists because of economic inequality and exploitation, not because there are too many people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

neo-Malthusianism

A

Rapid population growth threatens resources and the environment, and that population control and sustainability are necessary to prevent crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Net migration

A

In-migration - out-migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nonecumene

A

Uninhabited or very sparsely occupied zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

overpopulation

A

Situation in which an environment or territory can’t support its present population and involves many factors other than just population density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Population geography

A

Spatial study of how and why populations are distributed, their patterns, density, and relationship with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Population projection

A

Predictions of a population’s future size, age, and sex composition based on the application of stated assumptions to current data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rates

A

Record the frequency of occurrence of an event during a given time frame for a designated population (cbr, cdr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Replacement level
The fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration
26
S-Curve
Logistic growth curve, representing a population
27
Julian Simon
Stated that resources do not exist in nature but rather are created by human ingenuity oil, went from black gooey stuff -> energy
28
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born to each women, if during her childbearing years, she bore children at the current year’s rate for women that age
29
Zero Population Growth
Births + immigration = deaths + emigration
30
Total displacement migration
Migrants move far enough so their new activity spaces do not overlap at all with their former home ranges
31
Channelized migration
Tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, economic/trade connections, or by some other relationship
32
Counter migration
The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated/left from
33
Migration field
Area from which a given city or region draw the majority of its in-migrants
34
Movement bias
Tendency for people, goods, or information to move more easily or frequently in one direction than another (rural -> cities)
35
Partial displacement migration
Migrants move to a new residence nearby, with new activity spaces overlapping some with their former home ranges
36
Remittance
Money sent by international migrants back to family members in their home country
37
Reluctant relocation
Less than fully voluntary migration, relocate somewhat involuntarily
38
Total displacement migration
Migrants move far enough so their new activity spaces do not overlap at all with their former home ranges
39
Temporary travel
Short-term movement of people away from their usual residence that doesn’t involve a permanent change of home
40
Spatial search
Process of evaluating different location options, comparing their advantages (utilities), and selecting the most suitable one
41
Population distribution
Pattern of where people live across earth’s surface, showing how population is spread out or clustered in different areas
42
Population density (+types)
Expresses the relationship between number of inhabitants and the area they occupy (arithmetic, physiological, agricultural)
43
Scale of analysis
Level or size of the geographic area being studied (local, national, regional or global), affects how patterns and trends are interpreted
44
Carrying capacity
Maximum number of people an environment can sustainably support with its available resources, technology, and infrastructure
45
Population composition
Makeup of a population based on characteristics like age, sex, income, education, and ethnicity
46
Age structures
Distribution of a population by age groups (population pyramid)
47
Sex ratio
Number of one sex to that of the other in a population, typically the number of males relative to the number of females
48
Population pyramids
Bar graph that shows a population’s age and sex distribution
49
Fertility
Actual ability or occurrence of childbearing within a population
50
Mortality
Frequency of deaths in a population
51
Migration
Permanent or planned long-term relocation of residential place
52
Rate of natural increase
Crude birth rate - crude death rate
53
Population-doubling time
Time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant
54
Demographic Transition Model
Model traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality associated with indistrialization, health care improvements, urbanization, and changing cultural attitudes towards childbearing
55
Epidemiological transition
Shift in the main causes of death as a country develops, infectious and communicable diseases -> chronic and degenerative diseases
56
Malthusian theory
Population grows exponentially while food supply grows linearly -> bad stuff
57
Push factors
Negative home conditions → migrate away
58
Pull factors
Attractive attributes in the new location → migrate toward
59
Intervening opportunities
Factors that cause a migrant to settle somewhere along their journey instead of reaching the original destination
60
Intervening obstacles
Barriers that hinder or prevent migration to the intended destination
61
Forced migration
Relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrant themselves, or by events
62
*Slavery
Form of forced migration (trans-atlantic slave trade)
63
*Refugees
People who are forced to leave their country because of war, persecution, violence, or natural disaster, and who cannot safely return home
64
*Internally displaced persons
People who are forced to flee their homes for safety but remain within their own country’s borders
65
*Asylum seekers
People who have left their home country and applied for protection in another country but are still waiting for their refugee status to be approved
66
Voluntary migration
When people relocate their residence by free choice, without being forced or compelled
67
Transnational
Describes migration or activity in which people maintain connections across two or more countries, such as family, work, or culture
68
Transhumance
Seasonal movement of livestock and herders between highland and lowland pastures
69
Internal migration
The movement of people within a country’s borders from one area to another
70
Chain migration
When migrants move to a place because family or people from their community already live there
71
Step migration
When migration happens in stages, from smaller to larger places rather than all at once
72
Guest worker
Legal immigrants who temporarily work in a host country, often filling low-wage jobs
73
Rural-to-urban
People leave the countryside for a major city’s greater opportunities (particularly in economically developing countries)
74
Pronatalist policies
Policies that support population growth to increase the number of workers and the military might of state
75
Antinatalist policies
Policies designed to reduce birth rates and slow population growth
76
Immigration policies
Laws and regulations that control who can enter, stay, and work in a country
77
Ravenstein’s law of migration
1 most migrants go only a short distance 2 longer-distance migration favors big-city destinations 3 most migration proceeds step by step 4 most migration is rural to urban 5 each migration flow produces a counterflow 6 most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves 7 most international migrants are young males (a little outdated)
78
Aging population
Median age of a population rises because of low birth rates and longer life expectancy, leading to a higher proportion of elderly people
79
Life expectancy
Average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates
80
Dependency ratio
Measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years (15-64) must support
81
Physical factors that impact population distribution
1 people prefer mild, temperate climates 2 places where water sources are available: rivers, lakes, and coasts 3 flat, low-lying lands with fertile soil for farming/agriculture, high altitudes discourage settlement 4 access to resources: lumber, coal, precious metals, energy
82
Human factors that impact population distribution
1 jobs and economy 2 politics and safety 3 transport and infrastructure 4 culture and history 5 government policies
school
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions