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aphug, unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Allegiance

A

Loyalty or commitment people feel toward a state, government, leader, or political cause, which can affect political unity and stability.

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2
Q

Arctic Circle

A

A line of latitude at about 66.5° north marking the southern boundary of the Arctic where at least one full day of sunlight and one full day of darkness occur each year.

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3
Q

Borderland

A

A zone near a political boundary where cultures, economies, and populations from both sides interact and overlap.

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4
Q

Buffer state

A

A smaller country located between rival or hostile powers that helps reduce direct conflict between them.

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5
Q

Core area

A

The central and most developed region of a state where political power, economic activity, and population are concentrated.

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6
Q

Core state

A

A highly developed country that dominates global economic and political systems through wealth, technology, and influence.

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7
Q

Cracking

A

A gerrymandering strategy that spreads a voting group across many districts to weaken its overall political influence.

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8
Q

Packing

A

A gerrymandering strategy that concentrates a voting group into a small number of districts to limit its influence elsewhere.

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9
Q

Cultural cohesion

A

The degree to which people in a state share common cultural traits such as language, religion, or customs, promoting unity.

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10
Q

Iconography

A

The use of symbols, monuments, and images to represent political power, national identity, or ideology.

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11
Q

Independent state

A

A political entity with defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to conduct its own foreign affairs.

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12
Q

International terrorism

A

Terrorist acts that involve more than one country through perpetrators, targets, victims, or operations.

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13
Q

Median line principle

A

A method for dividing maritime boundaries by drawing a line equally distant from the coastlines of neighboring states.

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14
Q

Nationalism

A

Strong identification with and loyalty to a nation based on shared culture, history, language, or identity.

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15
Q

Nation-state ideal

A

The belief that a state’s political boundaries should match the cultural boundaries of a single nation.

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16
Q

NAFTA-USMCA

A

A regional trade agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico that reduces trade barriers and promotes economic integration.

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17
Q

Peripheral states

A

Less developed countries that often depend on core states for investment, trade, and technology.

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18
Q

Political geography

A

The study of how political power, boundaries, and processes are shaped by geographic space.

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19
Q

Reapportionment

A

The redistribution of legislative seats based on population changes, usually after a census.

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20
Q

Regional trading block

A

A group of countries that agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers among themselves to increase trade.

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21
Q

Satellite state

A

A formally independent country that is heavily influenced or controlled by a more powerful state.

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22
Q

Sovereign state

A

A state with supreme authority over its territory and independence from external political control.

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23
Q

State/country

A

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined borders, a government, and recognized sovereignty.

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24
Q

State terrorism

A

Violence or intimidation carried out by a government against civilians or groups to maintain power or suppress opposition.

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25
Strait
A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water, often strategically important for trade and military movement.
26
Subnational terrorism
Terrorist activity conducted by groups operating within a single country rather than across national borders.
27
Supranational organization
An organization formed by multiple states that holds authority above individual governments in certain areas, such as trade or security.
28
Uneven development
The unequal distribution of wealth, resources, and economic growth across regions or countries.
29
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
An international treaty that defines maritime boundaries and sets rules for ocean use, including territorial seas and exclusive economic zones.
30
Voting district
A geographically defined area whose residents vote together to elect a representative.
31
Political maps
Maps that show political features such as country borders, internal boundaries, and capitals, emphasizing how territory is organized by governments.
32
Political entities
Organized units with political authority or identity, such as states, nations, territories, and regions.
33
Nations
Groups of people who share a common culture, language, history, or ethnicity and see themselves as a distinct community.
34
Nation-states
States in which a single nation makes up most of the population and the state’s boundaries largely match that nation’s cultural boundaries.
35
Stateless nations
Nations that do not have their own sovereign state and are often spread across multiple countries.
36
Multinational states
States that contain two or more distinct nations within their borders.
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Multistate nations
Nations whose people live across more than one sovereign state.
38
Autonomous regions
Areas within a state that have been granted significant self
39
Semiautonomous regions
Areas within a state that have limited self-rule but remain strongly controlled by the central government.
40
Sovereignty
The supreme authority of a state to govern itself within its territory without external interference.
41
Self determination
The principle that a people or nation should be able to decide their own political status and form of government.
42
Colonialism
The direct political control of a territory by a foreign power, often involving settlement and resource extraction.
43
Imperialism
A system in which a powerful state extends its influence over other regions through political, economic, or military means.
44
Independence movements
Efforts by colonies, regions, or nations to gain self-rule or full sovereignty from another state.
45
Devolution
The transfer of political power from a central government to regional or local governments.
46
National lines
Political boundaries drawn to separate different nations or ethnic groups.
47
Political power
The ability of individuals, groups, or governments to influence decisions, control resources, and enforce rules.
48
Neocolonialism
Indirect control of less developed countries by more developed countries through economic, political, or cultural pressure rather than direct rule.
49
Shatterbelts
Regions caught between competing powerful states where conflict is frequent due to external rivalries and internal divisions.
50
Chokepoints
Narrow strategic locations, especially waterways, that control movement and trade and are critical to global commerce and security.
51
Territoriality
The attempt by states or groups to control people and resources by defining and enforcing boundaries over space.
52
Political boundaries
Human-drawn lines that mark where one political unit’s authority ends and another’s begins.
53
Relic boundary
A former political boundary that no longer functions as an official border but still affects cultural or spatial patterns.
54
Superimposed boundary
A boundary drawn by outside powers that ignores existing cultural or ethnic divisions.
55
Subsequent boundary
A boundary established after settlement that reflects cultural, economic, or political divisions that developed over time.
56
Antecedent boundary
A boundary drawn before significant settlement occurred, often following physical features.
57
Geometric boundary
A boundary defined by straight lines or arcs, often based on latitude and longitude rather than physical or cultural features.
58
Consequent boundary
A political boundary drawn after cultural groups have settled, specifically intended to separate those groups.
59
International boundaries
Borders that separate sovereign states and define where one country’s legal authority ends and another’s begins.
60
Internal boundaries
Boundaries within a country that divide administrative units such as states, provinces, or regions.
61
Defined boundaries
Boundaries described in written form, usually in a treaty or legal document.
62
Delimited boundaries
Boundaries that are drawn on a map based on a legal definition.
63
Demarcated boundaries
Boundaries that are physically marked on the landscape with fences, walls, signs, or monuments.
64
Administered boundaries
Boundaries that are actively managed and enforced by governments through border controls or regulations.
65
Sovereignty
The supreme authority of a state to govern its territory and make decisions without external interference.
66
Demilitarized zones
Areas along or near boundaries where military forces and weapons are restricted by agreement to reduce conflict.
67
Policy boundaries
Boundaries created by laws or rules that regulate behavior in space, such as school districts or zoning areas.
68
Maritime boundaries
Boundaries at sea that define a state’s rights over ocean space and resources.
69
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
An international treaty that sets rules for maritime boundaries, ocean use, and resource rights.
70
International waters
Areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction, where no single state has sovereignty.
71
Established territorial seas
Coastal waters, usually extending up to 12 nautical miles from shore, where a state has full sovereignty.
72
Exclusive economic zones
Sea areas extending up to 200 nautical miles from a coast where a state has rights to explore and use natural resources.
73
Voting districts
Geographic areas whose residents vote together to elect representatives.
74
Redistricting
The process of redrawing voting district boundaries, typically after population changes are recorded in a census.
75
Gerrymandering
The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.
76
Federal state
A system of government in which power is shared between a central authority and regional governments.
77
Unitary state
A system of government in which most power is held by the central government rather than regional units.
78
Devolutionary factors
Forces that push power away from the central government, such as ethnic divisions, regional inequality, or distance.
79
Physical geography
Natural features such as mountains, deserts, or bodies of water that can influence political boundaries and encourage regional separation.
80
Ethnic separatism
A movement in which an ethnic group seeks greater autonomy or full independence from the state it currently belongs to.
81
Ethnic cleansing
The forced removal of an ethnic group from a territory through violence, intimidation, or displacement to make the area ethnically uniform.
82
Terrorism
The use of violence or threats against civilians to create fear and achieve political, ideological, or religious goals.
83
Irredentism
A movement or policy that seeks to reclaim and annex territory in another state because people there share a common ethnicity, language, or historical identity.
84
Subnational political territorial units
Administrative divisions within a state, such as states, provinces, or regions, that have defined boundaries and some level of governmental authority.
85
Disintegrated states
States that have lost effective control over their territory and government, often due to civil war, collapse, or prolonged instability.
86
Supranationalism
Cooperation among states in which they give up some sovereignty to a higher authority to manage shared issues like trade or security.
87
Democratization
The process through which a country moves toward a more democratic system, including free elections, expanded rights, and greater political participation.
88
Economies of scale
Cost advantages gained when production or operation on a larger scale reduces the average cost per unit.
89
Trade agreements
Formal agreements between countries that set rules for trade, reduce tariffs, and promote economic cooperation.
90
Military alliances
Agreements among states to provide mutual defense or security support, often in response to shared threats.
91
UN
an international organization created to promote peace, security, cooperation, and humanitarian efforts worldwide.
92
NATO
A military alliance of North American and European countries based on collective defense, where an attack on one member is considered an attack on all.
93
EU
A regional organization that promotes economic integration and shared political policies among European states.
94
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a regional organization that promotes economic growth, political cooperation, and regional stability.
95
Arctic Council
An intergovernmental forum of Arctic states and Indigenous representatives that cooperates on environmental protection and sustainable development in the Arctic.
96
African Union
A continental organization of African states that works to promote unity, peace, and economic development across Africa.
97
Centrifugal forces
Forces that divide a state by pushing people apart, such as ethnic conflict, regional inequality, or political polarization.
98
Centripetal forces
Forces that unite a state by pulling people together, such as shared culture, nationalism, or strong institutions.
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