1
Q
Who wrote the Declaration?
A
Jefferson, Adams, Franklin
2
Q
Where was the Declaration written?
A
Philadelphia
3
Q
What idea about equality is stated?
A
All men are created equal
4
Q
Where does government get its power?
A
From the governed
5
Q
Which rights are protected?
A
Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
6
Q
What rights did colonists claim?
A
Rights as English citizens
7
Q
Who violated colonists’ rights?
A
King George III
8
Q
How did colonists first protest?
A
Peaceful petitions
9
Q
Why was independence declared?
A
Rights violated, petitions ignored
10
Q
What did independence lead to?
A
Experiments in self-government
11
Q
What did colonies become?
A
Independent states
12
Q
Who did representatives act for?
A
One united nation
13
Q
What concept united the new nation?
A
Nationalism
14
Q
What principles guided the Declaration?
A
Social compact, natural rights, limited government
15
Q
Who led the states before the Articles?
A
Continental Congress
16
Q
What was missing before the Articles?
A
Formal governing system
17
Q
When were the Articles created?
A
Fall 1777
18
Q
What did the Articles establish?
A
Loose confederation of independent states
19
Q
What type of agreement was it?
A
Agreement between states and central government
20
Q
What kind of federal system did it create?
A
Rudimentary federal system
21
Q
What was one success under the Articles?
A
Land Ordinance of 1785, NW Ordinance of 1787
22
Q
What did those ordinances manage?
A
Western lands and expansion
23
Q
Why were the Articles considered a stopgap?
A
Temporary measure to hold the union together
24
Q
What did the Articles help maintain?
A
Unity and continuation of the revolution
25
What major weakness involved money?
Could not tax; relied on state quotas
26
Why was enforcement a problem?
No executive or judiciary
27
Who held sovereignty under the Articles?
The individual states
28
How did foreign nations view the U.S.?
They did not recognize or respect it
29
What limited economic power did Congress have?
Couldn’t regulate trade
30
What weakened the national bank?
State interference
31
What was a major diplomatic weakness?
Weak foreign affairs
32
What event exposed the Articles’ weakness?
Shays’ Rebellion (1787)
33
What caused Shays’ Rebellion?
Economic distress and high debts in Massachusetts
34
Who put down Shays’ Rebellion?
Massachusetts militia
35
What deeper conflict did Shays’ Rebellion show?
Working class vs. banking class
36
What 1786 meeting sought reform?
Annapolis Convention
37
How many states attended Annapolis?
Five of thirteen
38
What did the Annapolis Convention reveal?
Need for stronger nationalism and reform
39
When did Shays’ Rebellion occur?
1787
40
Who led Shays’ Rebellion?
Daniel Shays
41
Where did Shays’ Rebellion take place?
Western Massachusetts
42
What caused Shays’ Rebellion?
High debts and economic hardship for farmers
43
What group mainly joined Shays’ Rebellion?
Revolutionary War veterans
44
What social conflict did Shays’ Rebellion reveal?
Working class vs. banking class
45
Who suppressed Shays’ Rebellion?
Massachusetts militia
46
What happened to Daniel Shays after the rebellion?
He fled to New York
47
What question did Shays’ Rebellion raise?
What had happened to freedom after independence?
48
What major weakness did the rebellion expose?
The federal government’s inability to maintain order
49
How did Shays’ Rebellion influence future events?
Pushed leaders to strengthen the central government
50
Which convention followed as a response?
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
51
When and where was the Constitutional Convention held?
Philadelphia, 1787
52
Who presided over the Convention?
George Washington
53
How was Washington viewed by delegates?
God among demi-gods
54
What type of people attended the Convention?
Mostly merchants, lawyers, and planters
55
What belief about human nature guided the framers?
Humans are selfish and need government control
56
What issue divided big and small states?
Representation in Congress
57
What did large states favor?
Virginia Plan
58
What did small states favor?
New Jersey Plan
59
What was the Virginia Plan’s key idea?
Representation based on population (bicameral)
60
What was the New Jersey Plan’s key idea?
Equal representation (unicameral)
61
What compromise resolved the conflict?
The Great Compromise
62
What did the Great Compromise create?
Bicameral Congress: House by population, Senate equal
63
How many votes did each senator get?
One vote per member
64
What compromise dealt with slavery and representation?
Three-Fifths Compromise
65
What did the 3/5 Compromise decide?
Slaves count as 3/5 for population and taxes
66
Why was slavery a divisive issue?
It threatened to split the Union
67
How was slavery handled in the Constitution?
Not approved or outlawed
68
What system was created for choosing the president?
Electoral College
69
How long was the presidential term?
Four years
70
Who had power to impeach the president?
Congress
71
What kind of president did the framers want?
Strong but limited executive
72
What concept divides power between national and state governments?
Federalism
73
What is the main idea behind separation of powers?
Prevents one branch from dominating
74
What are examples of federal powers?
Regulate trade, coin money, declare war
75
What can only the federal government do with currency?
Mint and issue money
76
Who controls foreign relations and war?
Federal government
77
What power allows Congress to admit new states?
Federal power
78
What are examples of state powers?
Elections, education, intrastate commerce
79
Who sets voter qualifications?
State governments
80
Who provides for local governments?
State governments
81
Who ratifies constitutional amendments?
State legislatures
82
What powers are shared by both levels?
Taxing, borrowing, and spending
83
Who controls the militia?
Both federal and state governments
84
What is an example of a shared power over individuals?
Both can act directly on citizens
85
What is an ex post facto law?
Law punishing actions before they were crimes
86
What are bills of attainder?
Laws punishing without trial
87
What right cannot be suspended except in crisis?
Habeas corpus
88
What document guarantees individual rights?
Bill of Rights
89
Who led the Federalists during ratification?
Alexander Hamilton
90
What did the Federalist Papers argue for?
Ratification of the Constitution
91
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
Hamilton, Madison, Jay
92
How many states had to ratify the Constitution?
Nine of thirteen
93
Which states ratified last?
North Carolina and Rhode Island
94
What promise helped secure ratification?
Adding a Bill of Rights
95
When was the Constitution ratified?
1789
96
Who was inaugurated in 1789?
George Washington
97
What does historiography mean?
Study of how history is interpreted by scholars
98
Which school dominated in the 1800s?
Whig/Nationalist School
99
What did the Whig School emphasize?
God-given destiny and triumph of republican ideals
100
Who was a key Whig historian?
John Fiske
101
Which school emerged in the early 1900s?
Progressive School
102
Who led the Progressive interpretation?
Charles Beard
103
What did Beard argue about the Constitution?
It protected wealthy and property owners
104
How did the Progressive view see the Articles?
Protected small business, hurt elites
105
What class conflict did Progressives highlight?
Rich vs. poor over political power
106
Which school followed in the 1950s?
Consensus School
107
Who represented the Consensus view?
Forrest McDonald
108
What did the Consensus School emphasize?
Unity and shared national values
109
Which school appeared in the 1960s?
Revisionist School
110
Who was the key Revisionist historian?
Gordon Wood
111
What did Wood argue about the Constitution?
It defined republicanism and continued revolutionary ideals
112
Who agreed with Beard’s criticism?
Howard Zinn
113
What did Zinn emphasize?
Exclusion of women, slaves, and poor from convention
114
Overall, what trend do these schools show?
Shifts from praise to class conflict to ideology
115
What does historiography mean?
Study of how history is interpreted by scholars
116
Which school dominated in the 1800s?
Whig/Nationalist School
117
What did the Whig School emphasize?
God-given destiny and triumph of republican ideals
118
Who was a key Whig historian?
John Fiske
119
Which school emerged in the early 1900s?
Progressive School
120
Who led the Progressive interpretation?
Charles Beard
121
What did Beard argue about the Constitution?
It protected wealthy and property owners
122
How did the Progressive view see the Articles?
Protected small business, hurt elites
123
What class conflict did Progressives highlight?
Rich vs. poor over political power
124
Which school followed in the 1950s?
Consensus School
125
Who represented the Consensus view?
Forrest McDonald
126
What did the Consensus School emphasize?
Unity and shared national values
127
Which school appeared in the 1960s?
Revisionist School
128
Who was the key Revisionist historian?
Gordon Wood
129
What did Wood argue about the Constitution?
It defined republicanism and continued revolutionary ideals
130
Who agreed with Beard’s criticism?
Howard Zinn
131
What did Zinn emphasize?
Exclusion of women, slaves, and poor from convention
132
Overall, what trend do these schools show?
Shifts from praise to class conflict to ideology
133
When was the Constitution ratified?
1788
134
What did the Constitution replace?
The Articles of Confederation
135
What major debate surrounded ratification?
State vs. federal power
136
When was the Constitution finally ratified by all states?
1790 (RI and NC last)
137
What political shift did ratification represent?
Conservative victory over radical democracy
138
What core feature defines the Constitution?
Separation of powers among 3 branches
139
What prevents one branch from dominating another?
Checks and balances
140
What concept gives the Constitution flexibility?
Amendment process and interpretation
141
What does federalism divide?
Power between national and state governments
142
Who wrote most of the Bill of Rights?
James Madison
143
When was the Bill of Rights ratified?
1791
144
What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?
To guarantee individual rights and limit federal power
145
What do the first ten amendments guarantee?
Personal freedoms and due process
146
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay
147
What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?
To persuade states to ratify the Constitution
148
What principles did the Federalist Papers defend?
Checks and balances, separation of powers, federal authority
149
Who was Washington’s Secretary of Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton
150
What did Hamilton’s “Report on Public Credit” propose?
Federal assumption of state debts
151
Why did Hamilton support a national bank?
To stabilize currency and strengthen the economy
152
What was the source of revenue for Hamilton’s plan?
Excise taxes and tariffs
153
Who opposed Hamilton’s economic policies?
Jefferson and Madison
154
What compromise resolved Hamilton’s debt plan dispute?
Capital placed in the South (Washington D.C.)
155
Who was the first U.S. president?
George Washington
156
When did Washington serve as president?
1789–1796
157
What qualities defined Washington’s leadership?
Integrity, dignity, moderation, and strength
158
What precedent did Washington set for the presidency?
Two-term tradition and peaceful transfer of power
159
What key message did Washington’s Farewell Address give?
Avoid political parties and permanent foreign alliances
160
When was the Bill of Rights added?
1791
161
What did Washington warn about in his Farewell Address?
Partisan division and entangling alliances
162
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
Tax revolt by western farmers against Hamilton’s excise tax
163
When did the Whiskey Rebellion occur?
1794
164
How did Washington respond to the Whiskey Rebellion?
Sent federal troops to enforce law, showing federal strength
165
What did the Whiskey Rebellion prove?
The new Constitution could maintain order
166
What was Jay’s Treaty (1795)?
Treaty with Britain to settle debts and remove British troops from the Northwest
167
Why was Jay’s Treaty unpopular?
It favored British trade interests
168
What did Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) do?
Gave the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans
169
Who succeeded Washington as president?
John Adams
170
When did John Adams serve?
1796–1800
171
What was the main issue during Adams’s presidency?
Conflict with France (XYZ Affair)
172
What was the XYZ Affair (1797)?
French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats
173
What was the U.S. response to the XYZ Affair?
Outrage and the slogan “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”
174
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)?
Laws restricting immigrants and limiting speech against the government
175
Who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Jefferson and Madison
176
What resolutions opposed these acts?
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
177
What did the VA/KY Resolutions claim?
States could nullify unconstitutional federal laws
178
What were the two first political parties?
Federalists and Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonian Republicans)
179
What type of government did Federalists favor?
Strong central government
180
How did Federalists interpret the Constitution?
Loosely; implied powers allowed
181
Who were major Federalist leaders?
Hamilton, Washington, John Adams
182
What kind of economy did Federalists support?
Manufacturing, commerce, and banking
183
Which region supported Federalists?
Urban and New England areas
184
What kind of foreign policy did Federalists prefer?
Pro-British, anti-French
185
What social class mainly supported Federalists?
Wealthy elites
186
Who were the Anti-Federalists/Jeffersonian Republicans led by?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
187
How did Jeffersonians interpret the Constitution?
Strictly; powers not granted are forbidden
188
What government structure did Jeffersonians favor?
Small federal, strong state governments
189
What type of economy did Jeffersonians support?
Agrarian and farming-based
190
Which region supported Jeffersonians?
Rural South and West
191
What foreign policy did Jeffersonians prefer?
Pro-French, anti-British
192
What social class mainly supported Jeffersonians?
Farmers, craftsmen, common people
193
Who won the Election of 1796?
John Adams (Federalist)
194
Who was Adams’s Vice President?
Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist)
195
What was the significance of the Election of 1796?
First contested party election; divided government
196
What did the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) do?
Restricted immigrants and limited free speech
197
How did Jefferson respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Authored Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
198
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions assert?
States could nullify unconstitutional federal laws
199
What major conflict occurred under Adams?
XYZ Affair with France
200
What slogan came from the XYZ Affair?
“Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute.”
201
What was the outcome of the 1800 election?
Jefferson defeated Adams; peaceful transfer of power
202
What was the significance of the Revolution of 1800?
First peaceful party transition; proved stability of the republic
203
Who was the second U.S. president?
John Adams
204
When did John Adams serve?
1796–1800
205
What region mainly supported Adams?
New England
206
How was Adams described as a leader?
Honest, competent, and conservative
207
What party did Adams belong to?
Federalist
208
What major foreign conflict occurred under Adams?
Quasi-war with France (XYZ Affair)
209
What laws passed under Adams limited speech and immigrants?
Alien and Sedition Acts
210
What weakened Adams politically?
Split with Hamilton and internal Federalist division
211
What foreign policy goal did Adams maintain?
Avoided war and kept peace with France
212
What did Adams’s diplomacy show?
Commitment to neutrality and peace
213
What was the Public Land Act of 1796?
Systematized sale of western lands into townships and sections
214
Who supported the Public Land Act?
Federalists seeking revenue and orderly growth
215
What did the Public Land Act encourage?
Western expansion and settlement
216
What was the Revolution of 1800?
Election where Jefferson defeated Adams
217
Why was the Revolution of 1800 significant?
First peaceful transfer of power between parties
218
What party took control after 1800?
Jeffersonian Republicans
219
What slogan described the Revolution of 1800?
“Republicanism carries the day”
220
What is the Progressive historians’ view of the Constitution?
Created by elites to protect property and limit democracy
221
What did Charles Beard argue?
Constitution served the wealthy’s economic interests
222
What is the Consensus historians’ view (1950s)?
Nation agreed on need for strong central government
223
What is the Revisionist view (Gordon Wood)?
Constitution was a bold experiment blending order and liberty
224
What happened in George Washington’s Election of 1789?
Washington unanimously elected first president
225
Why was Washington’s election important?
Established legitimacy of new government
226
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do?
Created federal court system and Attorney General under Supreme Court
227
Why do we care about the Judiciary Act?
Laid foundation for U.S. federal judiciary
228
What was the Tariff of 1789?
First congressional tariff to raise revenue and protect industries
229
Why was the Tariff of 1789 important?
Began U.S. economic independence from foreign imports
230
What were Hamilton’s Financial Policies (1791–1794)?
Created national bank, assumed state debts, taxed whiskey
231
Why were Hamilton’s policies significant?
Strengthened national credit and centralized economy
232
What was the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?
U.S. declared neutral in European wars
233
Why was the Neutrality Proclamation important?
Set precedent for noninvolvement in foreign wars
234
What was Citizen Genet’s mission (1793)?
French envoy tried to recruit Americans for France
235
Why was the Citizen Genet Affair significant?
Tested U.S. neutrality and executive authority
236
What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794)?
Farmers protested whiskey tax in Pennsylvania
237
Why was the Whiskey Rebellion significant?
Showed the federal government could enforce law
238
What was Jay’s Treaty (1794)?
Treaty with Britain resolving debts and troop issues
239
Why was Jay’s Treaty important?
Averted war, deepened party divisions
240
What was Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)?
Agreement with Spain opening Mississippi River and New Orleans
241
Why was Pinckney’s Treaty significant?
Why was Pinckney’s Treaty significant?
242
What did Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) warn against?
Political parties and foreign alliances
243
Why is Washington’s Farewell Address important?
Shaped U.S. foreign policy and unity
244
What happened in John Adams’s Election (1796)?
Adams narrowly defeated Jefferson
245
Why was the Election of 1796 significant?
First contested election and peaceful transfer of power
246
What was the XYZ Affair (1798)?
French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats
247
Why was the XYZ Affair important?
Sparked anti-French sentiment and quasi-war
248
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)?
Restricted immigration and free speech
249
Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts significant?
Raised civil liberties concerns, opposition to Federalists
250
What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)?
Declared states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws
251
Why were the VA/KY Resolutions important?
Introduced doctrine of states’ rights
252
What was the Naturalization Act of 1798?
Extended citizenship residency from 5 to 14 years
253
Why was the Naturalization Act significant?
Reflected Federalist fear of immigrants
254
What happened in the Election of 1800?
Jefferson defeated Adams after tie with Burr
255
Why was the Election of 1800 important?
First peaceful transfer of power between parties
256
What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 do?
Expanded federal judgeships (“midnight judges”)
257
Why was the Judiciary Act of 1801 significant?
Led to Marbury v. Madison and judicial review precedent
258
What were the Navigation Acts (1650–1763)?
Laws enforcing mercantilism and restricting colonial trade to England
259
Who passed the Navigation Acts?
British Parliament
260
Why were the Navigation Acts significant?
Restricted colonial trade; caused resentment toward British control
261
262
What was the French and Indian War (1754–1763)?
Conflict between Britain and France over North American territory
263
Who was involved in the French and Indian War?
British, French, Indians, Washington, Pitt, Montcalm
264
Why did the French and Indian War matter?
Led to British debt and new taxes on colonies; ended salutary neglect
265
266
What was the Sugar Act (1764)?
Tax on imported sugar, molasses, and rum
267
Who passed the Sugar Act?
Parliament under George Grenville
268
Why was the Sugar Act important?
Increased smuggling and anger over taxation without representation
269
270
What was the Quartering Act (1765)?
Required colonists to house and supply British troops
271
Who passed the Quartering Act?
Parliament
272
Why did the Quartering Act matter?
Increased tensions; led to Boston Massacre and colonial resentment
273
274
What was the Stamp Act (1765)?
Tax on printed goods like legal papers, newspapers, and cards
275
Who passed the Stamp Act?
Parliament under George Grenville
276
Why was the Stamp Act significant?
First direct tax; led to protests and “no taxation without representation”
277
278
What was the Declaratory Act (1766)?
Declared Parliament’s right to make laws for colonies “in all cases”
279
Who passed the Declaratory Act?
Parliament under Lord Rockingham
280
Why was the Declaratory Act important?
Reasserted British control after repealing the Stamp Act
281
282
What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?
Taxes on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea
283
Who passed the Townshend Acts?
Charles Townshend
284
Why did the Townshend Acts matter?
Caused colonial boycotts and renewed protests against British goods
285
286
What was the Boston Massacre (1770)?
Conflict between colonists and British soldiers killing 5 colonists
287
Who was involved in the Boston Massacre?
Mobs of colonists and British Redcoats
288
Why was the Boston Massacre significant?
Used as propaganda to fuel anti-British sentiment
289
290
What were the Committees of Correspondence (1772)?
Colonial groups sharing political ideas and organizing resistance
291
Who organized the Committees of Correspondence?
Samuel Adams and Sons of Liberty
292
Why were the Committees of Correspondence important?
Linked colonies and built unity against Britain
293
294
What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)?
Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor
295
Who led the Boston Tea Party?
Sons of Liberty, Samuel Adams
296
Why was the Boston Tea Party significant?
Major act of rebellion; led to harsh British retaliation
297
298
What were the Intolerable Acts (1774)?
British laws closing Boston port and limiting colonial self-government
299
Who passed the Intolerable Acts?
British Parliament
300
Why were the Intolerable Acts important?
Ended colonial patience; unified colonies against Britain
301
302
What was the First Continental Congress (1774)?
Meeting of colonies to protest Intolerable Acts and plan responses
303
Who attended the First Continental Congress?
12 of 13 colonies; Adams, Washington, Hancock, Henry
304
Why was the First Continental Congress significant?
Created Declaration of Rights; showed early unity and resistance
305
306
What was The Association (1774)?
Agreement to boycott British goods (nonimportation, nonconsumption)
307
Who enforced The Association?
Continental Congress and local communities
308
Why was The Association important?
Last major step before independence; united colonies economically
309
310
What was “Common Sense” (1776)?
Pamphlet advocating independence and republican government
311
Who wrote “Common Sense”?
Thomas Paine
312
Why was “Common Sense” significant?
Encouraged independence and democratic ideals among colonists
313
314
Who were the key American Revolutionary leaders?
George Washington, Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton
315
Who was the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army?
George Washington
316
Who organized propaganda and communication networks?
Committees of Correspondence
317
Who were the Sons of Liberty?
Patriot group that organized boycotts and protests against British policies
318
What role did Alexander Hamilton play in the Revolution?
Washington’s aide-de-camp and key strategist
319
What role did Benjamin Franklin play?
Diplomat who negotiated the French alliance
320
321
What happened at the Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)?
First battle of the war; “shot heard ’round the world”
322
Why was the Battle of Lexington and Concord significant?
Began open fighting between Britain and the colonies
323
What was the Battle of Saratoga (1777)?
Major American victory in New York led by General Horatio Gates
324
Why was the Battle of Saratoga important?
Turning point; convinced France to ally with the colonies
325
What was the Battle of Yorktown (1781)?
Final major battle; British surrendered to combined American and French forces
326
Why was Yorktown significant?
Ended major fighting and led to the Treaty of Paris (1783)
327
When did the Progressive School dominate?
1910–1940
328
Who led the Progressive School?
Charles Beard, Carl Becker
329
What evidence did Progressive historians use?
Economic records and property interests
330
What’s the Progressive interpretation of the Founders?
Elites used ideology to protect wealth
331
332
What did the Neo-Progressive School emphasize?
Revolution involved common people, not just elites
333
When did Neo-Progressive ideas rise?
1960s–1970s
334
Who were key Neo-Progressive historians?
Merrill Jensen, Gary Nash
335
What did Neo-Progressive historians focus on?
Local politics, class conflict, social change
336
What was the Neo-Progressive view of the Revolution?
Bottom-up social movement
337
338
What did the Ideological/Psychological School argue?
Revolution motivated by ideas about liberty and tyranny
339
When was the Ideological School influential?
1950s–1970s
340
Who were major Ideological historians?
Bernard Bailyn, Gordon Wood
341
What evidence did they study?
Pamphlets and political rhetoric
342
What was their key idea?
Revolution driven by republican ideology, not economics
343
344
What does the Atlantic School emphasize?
Revolution as part of a larger Atlantic world transformation
345
When did the Atlantic School develop?
1980s–present
346
Who are key Atlantic historians?
Jack Greene, David Armitage
347
What is the Atlantic School’s main focus?
Comparing American, European, and Caribbean revolutions
348
What’s unique about the Atlantic School?
Places the U.S. Revolution in a global context
school
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
[AP Seminar] argumentation mapping terms10
-
[AP HUG] pg 4-19 RQ terms37
-
[APES] first quiz94
-
APHUG vocab quiz119
-
DIKA Summarized80
-
Chinese vocab quiz50
-
AP LANG20
-
APES162
-
final apes185
-
APHUG unit 282
-
aplang terms #220
-
DIKAAAAA 2348
-
APHUG Unit 3105
-
terms list 120
-
aphug, unit 498
-
apes unit 7107
-
real apes unit 7123
-
dika 6244
-
apes retake146
