final apes Flashcards

Question

Carbon exchange

Answer 1

What: CO₂ dissolves into/released from oceans. Why: Atmosphere–ocean balance.

Answer 2

Steady state

Answer 3

Eats other consumers

Answer 4

Maximum population an environment can support

Answer 5

Cells unlock chemical energy

Answer 6

Another name for woodland/shrubland biome, fire-adapted

Answer 7

Energy production using methane/H2S

Answer 8

No exchange of energy/matter across boundaries

Answer 9

One species benefits, the other is unaffected

Answer 10

The study of interactions among species, including competition, predation, mutualism, and effects on biodiversity.

Answer 11

Occurs when organisms compete for the same limiting resource; can be interspecific (between species) or intraspecific (within species).

Answer 12

States that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist indefinitely; one will outcompete the other.

Answer 13

Must consume others for energy

Answer 14

4184 J = 1 kcal

Answer 15

1 kcal = 4184 J

Answer 16

Loss of algae causing corals to turn white

Answer 17

Biodiversity hotspot in shallow, warm waters; sensitive to temperature and acidification.

Answer 18

Area of low oxygen (hypoxia) caused by eutrophication and nutrient runoff.

Answer 19

Fungi/bacteria complete breakdown → recycle elements

Answer 20

What: Organic P → inorganic phosphate. Why: Recycling. Who: Decomposers.

Answer 21

What: Organic sulfur → H₂S gas/sulfate. Who: Decomposers.

Answer 22

What: Nitrate → N₂O → N₂ gas. Why: Returns N to atmosphere. Who: Anaerobic bacteria in wetlands/soils.

Answer 23

Biotic factors that intensify as population size increases.

Answer 24

Abiotic limits affecting populations regardless of size

Answer 25

Arid biome with nutrient-poor sandy soil; plants/animals adapted to water scarcity.

Answer 26

Hot days, cold nights, very low rainfall, sparse vegetation, nutrient-poor sandy soils, plants/animals highly water-adapted.

Answer 27

Breaks down dead tissues/waste into small particles

Answer 28

Calcium carbonate → limestone/dolomite rock

Answer 29

Proportion of consumed energy passed to next trophic level

Answer 30

A keystone species that physically modifies its environment, creating or maintaining habitats for others.

Answer 31

Energy emitted by Sun: visible, UV, infrared

Answer 32

Ratio of useful output energy to total input energy

Answer 33

If tertiary consumers receive 100 J, secondary consumers must have had ~1000 J (10% rule)

Answer 34

Ease with which an energy source can be used for work

Answer 35

Randomness in a system

Answer 36

Ecosystem where freshwater mixes with saltwater; highly productive and nutrient-rich.

Answer 37

Lake with high productivity

Answer 38

Evaporation + transpiration

Answer 39

What: Fossil fuels mined/burned → CO₂. Why: Rapidly reintroduces stored C. Who: Humans.

Answer 40

When one species has a positive effect on another without direct symbiosis.

Answer 41

Live biomass → dead biomass → decomposers → CO₂ via respiration

Answer 42

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changes form

Answer 43

Processes that move matter between pools (respiration, photosynthesis)

Answer 44

Linear sequence of consumption

Answer 45

Complex model of energy/matter flow

Answer 46

Energy = Power × Time

Answer 47

Dead biomass buried before decomposing → fossilized over millions of years

Answer 48

Species that defines a community by creating habitat

Answer 49

Shallow water with emergent vegetation

Answer 50

If NPP = 50 kJ and R = 70 kJ, GPP = 120 kJ

Answer 51

GPP = salary, R = tax, NPP = take-home pay

Answer 52

Total solar energy captured by producers

Answer 53

Eats producers

Answer 54

Interaction in which an animal consumes a producer without killing it

Answer 55

Gasoline (more concentrated, efficient)

Answer 56

Stored in bonds between atoms

Answer 57

What: Fertilizer runoff → eutrophication.

Answer 58

What: Burning coal/oil → SO₂ → acid deposition.

Answer 59

Favors species adapted to high fertility soils (human-induced natural selection)

Answer 60

Burning fossil fuels

Answer 61

Low oxygen, due to decomposers using oxygen when algae dies

Answer 62

Species whose presence/absence reveals environmental quality or ecosystem health.

Answer 63

An addition to a system

Answer 64

Coastline between high and low tide

Answer 65

Non-native species that spread rapidly and harm ecosystems

Answer 66

Energy used when a 1-watt device runs for 1 second

Answer 67

1,000 J = 1 kJ; 1,000 kJ = 1 MJ; 1,000 MJ = 1 GJ

Answer 68

Species with a disproportionately large influence on ecosystem structure and function relative to abundance.

Answer 69

Transport of dissolved molecules in soil via groundwater

Answer 70

Nutrients organisms need, but the demand is more than the supply

Answer 71

Open water zone in lakes/ponds

Answer 72

Shallow area near shore in lakes/ponds

Answer 73

Low energy (radio waves)

Answer 74

Six elements organisms need in large amounts: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

Answer 75

Tropical/subtropical coasts with salt-tolerant trees

Answer 76

Hot dry summers, mild wet winters; soils low in nutrients.

Answer 77

Lake with moderate productivity

Answer 78

Decomposers break organic matter → inorganic compounds

Answer 79

Evolution of differences in body size/shape to reduce competition

Answer 80

Two interacting species benefit each other

Answer 81

Volcanoes release SO₂

Answer 82

System returns to original state or slows change

Answer 83

GPP - respiration

Answer 84

What: Ammonium → nitrite → nitrate. Why: Creates most plant-usable form. Who: Soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter).

Answer 85

What: N₂ gas → ammonia/ammonium. Why: Plants can't use N₂ directly. How/Who: Bacteria (Rhizobium, cyanobacteria), lightning, Haber–Bosch process.

Answer 86

Lake with low productivity

Answer 87

Deep ocean away from shore

Answer 88

Energy/matter can cross boundaries

Answer 89

A loss from a system

Answer 90

What: Sulfur gases → sulfate in atmosphere → acid rain.

Answer 91

One organism lives on/in another, harming it

Answer 92

Animals that lay eggs inside other organisms (host)

Answer 93

Parasites that cause disease in their host

Answer 94

% efficiency = (energy output ÷ energy input) × 100

Answer 95

Water infiltrating soil to recharge groundwater

Answer 96

Permanently frozen soil layer preventing deep roots

Answer 97

Upper ocean layer with sunlight

Answer 98

Massless packet of energy that travels at speed of light

Answer 99

Its wavelength

Answer 100

What: CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → glucose + O₂. Why: Basis of energy flow. Who: Plants, algae, phytoplankton.

Answer 101

CO₂ = carbon source, H₂O = electron donor, sunlight = energy, C₆H₁₂O₆ = glucose, O₂ = byproduct

Answer 102

Floating algae in aquatic zones

Answer 103

Reservoirs that store matter (air, water, organisms)

Answer 104

System change is amplified

Answer 105

Potential = stored, Kinetic = in motion/being used

Answer 106

Rate at which work is done

Answer 107

Interaction in which one animal kills and consumes another

Answer 108

Uses Sun’s energy to make usable energy (photosynthesis)

Answer 109

Deep, dark water below limnetic zone

Answer 110

Dry area on leeward side of mountains caused by moist air losing water on windward slopes.

Answer 111

Species reduce competition by using resources differently in space, time, or morphology.

Answer 112

What: Glucose + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy. Why: Releases energy. Who: Plants, animals, decomposers.

Answer 113

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy

Answer 114

Glucose and oxygen are used to release energy, producing CO₂ and H₂O

Answer 115

Water moving across land into streams/rivers

Answer 116

Marsh with nonwoody plants in temperate coasts

Answer 117

Warm temperatures, distinct wet/dry seasons; soils fairly fertile with limited water.

Answer 118

Eats dead animals

Answer 119

Energy transformations reduce ability to do work; heat lost

Answer 120

Carnivore that eats primary consumers

Answer 121

What: Carbon → sediments, limestone, fossil fuels. Why: Long-term storage. Who: Marine organisms, geology.

Answer 122

What: Phosphorus settles into sediments/rocks. Why: Long-term storage. Who: Geology.

Answer 123

High energy (X-rays)

Answer 124

Use light–dark bottle experiment: GPP = NPP (light O₂ change) + R (dark O₂ change)

Answer 125

Weathering of rocks

Answer 126

Species use different habitats to reduce competition

Answer 127

Biomass present at a specific time

Answer 128

Inputs = outputs; system not changing over time

Answer 129

Hot deserts with sparse vegetation

Answer 130

Acid rain → damages ecosystems

Answer 131

Two species living in close association, at least one benefits

Answer 132

Haber–Bosch process → fertilizer

Answer 133

Study of inputs, outputs, and changes under conditions

Answer 134

Cold winters, hot summers, prone to fires, fertile soils (best farming soils globally).

Answer 135

Coastal biome with moderate temps, high rain

Answer 136

Warm summers, cold winters, >1 m rainfall; fertile soils from rapid decomposition.

Answer 137

Measure of average kinetic energy of a substance

Answer 138

Species use same resource at different times

Answer 139

Geographic regions with distinct climate and plant forms

Answer 140

Carnivore that eats secondary consumers

Answer 141

Species richness depends on habitat size and distance

Answer 142

Plants release water into atmosphere

Answer 143

If primary producers = 10,000 J and herbivores = 1,000 J, efficiency = (1000 ÷ 10000) × 100 = 10%

Answer 144

Levels of consumption in a food chain

Answer 145

Distribution of biomass/energy/numbers across trophic levels

Answer 146

Warm, wet biome near equator, high biodiversity but nutrient-poor soil as nutrients locked in biomass.

Answer 147

Warm temps, wet/dry seasons

Answer 148

Cold, treeless biome with permafrost, nutrient-poor soil, and a 4-month growing season.

Answer 149

Species whose conservation also protects many other species with overlapping habitat needs.

Answer 150

Vertical movement of nutrient-rich deep water to the surface

Answer 151

What: Volcanoes release SO₂. Sulfur dioxide

Answer 152

What: Rocks release phosphate. Why: Only natural P input. Who: Rain, erosion.

Answer 153

What: Sulfur compounds released from rocks → soil/water.

Answer 154

Plants photosynthesize & respire simultaneously

Answer 155

Not soluble in water + no gas phase

Answer 156

Hot, dry summers, mild rainy winters

final apes Flashcards

(185 cards)