what is attentional blink
a temporary lapse in attention that occurs when an individual is focused on one task or stimulus and fails to notice a second, often significant, stimulus that closely follows the first one
exogenous control
the influence of external factors or stimuli on behavior or cognitive processes. (you dont control it)
endogenous control
the influence of internal factors or processes on behavior or cognitive functions
- ability of one to control their own cogntiive processes
overt attention
the conscious allocation of attentional resources to a specific stimulus or location in the environment. It involves directing one’s gaze or focusing sensory receptors toward a particular object or area of interest.
covert attention
the allocation of attentional resources to a specific stimulus or location in the environment without any observable behavioral indicators.
-covert attention operates internally, with the individual mentally focusing on a particular object or area of interest.
posner 1980 cue validity study
- use of covert attention
- most cues were valid and fastly responsed to valid cues
- use of light flashing, (endogenous control)
posner 1980 cue validity results ahd WHY
- 20% arrow pointing in invalid direction, slower to respond
- 80% arrow in valid direction, faster to respond
- use of central cuing (when something is in the middle of your vision helping you pay attention to another location)
corbetta and shulamn 2002, endogenous and exogenous control cues
- use of bottom up and top up systems
- distractor stimuli sharing property of target stimuli to capture attention in an involuntary driven way
whats a bottom up system
- responsible for detecting stimuli that are unexpected and given the time their occurring they would be unexpected for determining, particualy salient stimuli
- e.g a bright light in a dull field
- can also over ride top up system (as attention could be instantly and involuntraily redirected).
whats a top down system
-referring to internal guidance of attention based on prior knowledge, willful plans, and current goals.
- - considered voluntary
- can override bottom up system (meaning you can control your attention)
chica 2013 study on exo and endo
- speed
- disruption by memory load
- interaction with visual search
- endogenous slow speed
- exogenous high speed
- endo is disrupted by memory load
- exo is not disrupted
- endo does not interact with visual search
- exo does interact with visual search
baldauf, wolf anf Deubel 2006 study (clockwork arrangement) 1st study
- participants had to carry out 2
- double pointing
- clockword movement on clock
- used one way mirror
- then flash of ‘E’ or ‘3’ would come up on task and they had to identify which one flashed up
baldauf, wold and deubel study, the results of what they found 1st study
- got target correct when nearer to the movement they made on clock
- they were not looking at the clock as a whole, due to different spotlights
- 75% correct
what were the targets E and 3 named
- discrimination targets
Baldauf, wolf and Deubel 2006 2nd study
- triple pointing
- third movement directly oppositie from second location
- still near 75% correct
pylyshyn and storm 1988 study and 1999
- found you can track 4 different circles at a time while moving
- 1999 cannot track as many once they disappear behind lines and reappear
cavanagh and Alvarez 2005 study
-focusing on detecting specific target stimuli while ignoring distractors.
-an unexpected and highly salient stimulus, known as the critical stimulus, was presented simultaneously with the target and distractors.
- despite the salience of the critical stimulus, a significant proportion of participants failed to notice its presence when their attention was engaged in the primary task known as INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS
inattentional blindness
-where individuals fail to notice unexpected stimuli in their visual field when their attention is engaged in a primary task.
salient stimuli
- a stimulus that stands out or captures attention due to its distinctiveness, relevance, or significance compared to surrounding stimuli.
contonuous tracking of location…
does not equal continuous processing of feature information
patten et al., 2004 testing attention with drivers results
- detection of light while driving, on phone and doing mental task
- high detection of light without phone and low with phone
- poorer performance increased with complex tasks
savage et al., 2013 hazzard perception study
- watched haard perception in high cognitive condition who had just heard a puzzle before task
- other watches hazard perception without puzzlze
- people who heard puzzle performed slower and made more flase hazards overall
- in high condition more blinks and focus more centered so see less of whole picture
driver and spence 1998 corss modal attention
- cross modal with hand buzzing then judgement when light appeared
- found detected light faster when hand it was near just buzzed
- when crossed- leads to FASTER VISUAL DISCRIMINATION on right hand side of external space
we can selectively attend to more than one location in space T OR F
TRUE
-
intergroup relations- personality approaches to prejudice30
-
intergroup relations- stereotyping in its social context22
-
intergroup relations- cognitive appraoches to stereotyping17
-
steretypes and behaviour22
-
intergroup relations- crowds: normative controls19
-
contemporary crowd theory- group norms and the meaning of their behaviour15
-
attention 120
-
attention 225
-
attention 317
-
learning 124
-
learning 220
-
learning 312
-
memory 120
-
memory 227
-
memory 318
-
memory 419
-
ethics1
-
statistics33
