learning 2

Question 1

pavlov 1897 study - C AND UC

Answer 1

• conditioning in dogs (saliva with food and fork)

Question 2

pavlov 1897- huan condition response

Answer 2

• air to eye (unconditioned response)
• alongside tone (neutral stimulus)
• conditioned stimulus tone causes eye to water

Question 3

what was found about emotional conditioning in humans

Answer 3

• can condition emotions (of fear)

Question 4

McAllister 1953 time intervals in conditoned response

Answer 4

• found between 250..450…700ms showed better results of conditioning
• optimal time frame?

Question 5

what is stimulus generalisation and how is it counteracted

Answer 5

• when similar stimuli create conditoned response
• discrimination

Question 6

what is ‘unlearning’ known as

Answer 6

extinction

Question 7

what is ‘extinction’

Answer 7

when conditioned stimulus no longer associated with condtioned response

Question 8

what is spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

after time with no conditioned stimulus if presented again resurfaces
- something is blocking the conditioned response rather than unlearning

Question 9

what is spontaneous recovery also known as

Answer 9

disinhibition

Question 10

what is operant conditioning

Answer 10

• behaviours being strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow them
• involves association of behaviours with their consequences

Question 11

dishinibition definition

Answer 11

• reappearance of a conditoned response during extinction when a conditioned stimulus is preceded by an unexpected distraction

Question 12

how to treat phobias

Answer 12

• exposure therapy
• systematic Desensitisation (gradually exposing them to fear)

Question 13

what is Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 13

• behaviour thats reinforced leads to it being more likely to reappear
• if not reinforced (or punished) tends to decrease in frequency

Question 14

what else is throndikes law known as?

Answer 14

• black box view
• the Stimulus response (s-r)

Question 15

what happened in Skinner box

Answer 15

• operant conditioning chamber
• rat learnt to associate its behaviours with consequences
• showed initial low rate of behaviour
• follwed by food pellet when rewarded (pressing lever)

Question 16

define positive reinforcement

Answer 16

• stimuli applied and response increases

Question 17

define negative reinforcement

Answer 17

• stimuli removed and response increases

Question 18

define shaping

Answer 18

a technique where desired behaviours are encouraged through a series of gradual steps

Question 19

what is Premack’s principle

Answer 19

observe what a subject would tend do if given free reign
- if act B higher to do than act A, use act B first so act A becomes contingent to aloow act B to occur

Question 20

3 things associated with failure of learning

Answer 20

• task too complex
• reward inconsistent
• the ‘reward’ wasnt seen as one, needs to hold positive value